Movimientos Vanguardistas Espaloes Essays - Jacinto De Evia

Movimientos Vanguardistas Espa?loes Movimiento vanguardista espa?ol e hispanoamericano Con este nombre se designan los movimientos art?sticos y literarios que nacen en el siglo XX, aproximadamente desde 1910 a 1939. Su ?poca de m?ximo esplendor es hasta 1920, a partir de 1930 decaen pues el arte se acerca de nuevo a la realidad y se hace social y comprometido pol?ticamente. En la Gaceta Literaria, junio de 1930, Guillermo de Torre da una larga lista con los movimientos de vanguardia: Cubismo Caracter?sticas generales: Futurismo 1. La existencia de muchos movimientos Expresionismo con una vida ef?mera, pues la continua Dada?smo experimentaci?n es la base del arte; ?sta Ultra?smo trae consigo la fugacidad de las corrientes Ultramodernismo art?sticas: algunas apenas influyen pue Creacionismo son modas pasajeras, otras dejan profundas Neorromanticismo huellas. Superrealismo 2. Son europeos, la mayor?a nacen en Francia, Existencialismo desde all? se lanzan los manifiestos, incluso los que tienen otra procedencia. 3. Afectan a las artes en general, y rompen las barreras de las artes y de las letras: m?sicos, escultores, pintores, escritores, hombres de cine, etc. Se dan cita en la renovaci?n expresiva, y buscan una nueva unidad, algo similar a lo que ya exist?a en las artes pl?sticas con lo g?tico y . que el Renacimiento hab?a fragmentado 4. Desean ser originales, abrir nuevos caminos, crear para el futuro; son la y se oponen con virulencia a las est?ticas pasadas (Realismo, Naturalismo, Romanticismo, etc.) 5. Su p?blico es minoritario, se re?nen en caf?s, se aglutinan en torno a revistas y desde ellas lanzan sus manifiestos; est?n alejados del gran p?blico, con el paso del tiempo, algunos de sus logros formales y tem?ticos se han acercado a la mayor?a. I. Cubismo A. ?poca 1908-1914 Se inicia en Par?s como un movimiento propio de la pintura y luego pasa a la literatura. Surge por la necesidad de establecer la correspondencia l?rica al hallazgo pl?stico representado por el cubismo pict?rico. B. Caracter?sticas 1. Esquematismo, quiebra de la realidad. La descompone y forma una nueva realidad imaginada. 2. Literatura sin tema central ni an?cdota. 3. Ilogismo voluntario que da libre curso al pensamiento. 4. Deformaci?n de la realidad por medio de met?foras e im?genes desintegrantes. C. Autores importantes Apollinaire, Cendrars, Reverdy, Cocteau y Max Jacob. D. Obras representativas E. Aportaci?n literaria F. Trozo literario ?Ahora caminas por Par?s muy solo entre la multitud Reba?os de autobuses mugiendo junto a ti ruedan la angustia del temor te aprieta el gaznate como si nunca m?s debieras ser ya amado Si vivieras en el tiempo antiguo entrar?as en un monasterio Ten?is verg?enza cuando os sorprend?is diciendo una oraci?n Te burlas de ti y como el fuego del infierno tu risa chispea las chispas de tu risa doran el fondo de tu vida Es un cuadro colgado en un sombr?o museo y a veces vas a mirarla de cerca.?. Apollinaire: Zona; traducci?n de Jos? Mar?a Valverde II. Futurismo A. ?poca 1909-1914 Se inicia en Italia con el poeta Filippo T. Marinetti. B. Caracter?sticas 1. Desprecio al pasado, a lo tradicional, a las academias, a los museos. Amor al presente y al futuro. 2. Amor a la libertad, a la energ?a, a la vida moderna, la velocidad, la fuerza f?sica, las m?quinas. 3. Modificaci?n de la gram?tica y supresi?n de la puntuaci?n. 4. Desprecio al sentimentalismo. C. Autores importantes 1. Humberto Boccioni 2. Carlo Carr? 3. Luigi Rusolo 4. Giacomo Balla 5. Gino Severini 6. Filippo T. Marinetti D. Obras representativas 1. Manifiesto del futurismo (1909) De Filippo T. Marinetti E. Aportaci?n literaria Es un movimiento subversivo. Proclama su hast?o y el cansancio de quienes no soportan el peso de la civilizaci?n occidental; busca la libertad, huyendo de todos los contenidos ideol?gicos y de las representaciones generadas por ?stos (impresionismo, expresionismo, cubismo); se dirige al mundo de la mec?nica y descubre que la vida moderna, en sus aspectos m?s din?micos (principalmente en los avances tecnol?gicos), debe constituir un objetivo de atenci?n primordial. F. Trozo literario ?Sabed que el esplendor del mundo se ha enriquecido con una belleza nueva: la belleza de la velocidad... Un autom?vil rugiente, que parece correr sobre la metralla, es m?s bello que la Victoria de Samotracia... Cantaremos las grandes multitudes agitadas por el trabajo, la vibraci?n nocturna de los arsenales bajo sus violentas lunas el?ctricas?. Filippo T. Marinetti: Manifiesto del futurismo (1909) III. Expresionismo A. ?poca 1910-1925 Surge en Alemania. Abarca aproximadamente quince a?os. Sin embargo, los l?mites cronol?gicos son imprecisos: puede hablarse de un expresionismo temprano desde 1905, y es evidente que influye hasta 1930 en pa?ses como Alemania. B. Caracter?sticas 1. Reacci?n subjetivista contra el impresionismo de los modernistas. 2. Aspira a un

Hay Que, Tener Que and Similar Spanish Phrases

Hay Que, Tener Que and Similar Spanish Phrases If you have to say theres something you have to do or that has to be done, heres how you can do it in Spanish. Tener Que Perhaps the most common way of saying to have to in Spanish is tener que followed by an infinitive. Tengo que pagar impuestos. (I have to pay taxes.) Mi padre tiene que ir a Barranquilla. (My father has to go to Barranquilla.) Tener que is the phrase for statements of necessity that is usually learned first by students of Spanish because it is very common and doesnt require the knowledge of any verb conjugation beyond the forms of tener. But there are other ways as well to make statements of necessity. Hay Que Another that is even easier to learn because it doesnt require any conjugation is hay que, again followed by an infinitive: Hay que ser muy listo. (It is necessary to be very ready.)  ¿Por quà © hay que usar cà ³digos? (Why is it necessary to use codes?) Necesitar Que and Es Necesario Que As might be expected, some other phrases used in statements of necessity are closely related to the word necessary. One is the impersonal verb necesitar, meaning to be necessary, which can be followed by que and a verb in the subjunctive mood. Necesito que un experto me contacte. (I need an expert to contact me. A word-for-word translation would be: I need that an expert contact me. Many of the other translations below where the subjunctive is used follow a similar pattern.) Necesitas que alguien te escuche. (You need someone to listen to you.) Similarly, it is possible to use the impersonal phrase es necesario que, which also is followed by a verb in the subjunctive. Es necesario que Europa conserve su herencia. (It is necessary for Europe to retain its heritage.) Es necesario que nos envà ­en los datos. (It is necessary for them to send us the data.) Two Es Phrases Less common than the above is the impersonal phrase es preciso, which also means it is necessary. It is usually followed by an infinitive, but it also can be followed by que and a subjunctive verb. Es preciso revisar el diseà ±o y la organizacià ³n del programa. (It is necessary to change the design and organization of the program.) Es preciso que trabajen. (It is necessary for them to work.) The impersonal phrase es importante, meaning it is important, is used in the same way, although it isnt as forceful as es necesario. Es importante saber sobre interoperabilidad. (It is important to know about interoperability.) Es importante que el sitio web està © en espaà ±ol. (It is important that the website be in Spanish.) Urgir Finally, to indicate that something is urgently necessary, it is possible to use the impersonal phrase urge que from the verb urgir, again followed by a verb in the subjunctive. Urge que Xcacel sea declarada como reserva natural protegida. (It is urgent that Xcacel be declared a natural protected reserve.) Me urge que todo el mundo lo lea. (It is urgent to me that everybody read it.) The verb urgir can also stand alone as a verb to mean to be urgently needed. Urge atencià ³n inmediata el caso de los asesinatos de mujeres en Ciudad Jurez. The case of women murdered in Cuidad Juarez urgently needs attention.) Me urge ayuda sobre los siguientes terminales. (I urgently need help with the following terms.)

Renewable Energy Consumption in the Future Research Paper

Renewable Energy Consumption in the Future - Research Paper Example At current consumption rates, we are left with 200 years of coal, 40 years of oil and 60 years of gas. Fossil fuels, Nuclear, and hydroelectric power plants also pose a danger to the environment (Hargreaves, 2011). If we are to address the issue of global warming, brought about through carbon emissions, then we will have to use the right energy sources, and dispose of the waste produced in our day to day lives in an effective manner. The use of solar panels is leading renewable alternative energy source used globally. Solar panels work by harnessing the radiation from the sun and converting it to electricity. Its main advantage is the abundant availability of the sun’s rays and widespread accessibility across the globe. But supply can be variable and intermittent, depending on weather conditions and time frames. These factors would probably underscore why the uptake of solar panels has not been as widespread as would be expected. According to the Pew Center on Global Climate c hange (2010), solar power only produces one percent of the energy requirement of the whole world in 2008. According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (2010), Americans generated approximately 2.3 million tons of waste, in the year 2009. 53% of that waste was dumped, 33.8% recycled and 11.9% burned. This would seem to indicate that only a small portion of waste actually gets recycled. According to the grassroots recycling network (grrn.org), many of the products that we think are recycled are actually â€Å"downcycled†. For example, newspapers are turned into low-value products like insulation material and cow bedding. The problem with this type of waste management system is that it leads to the continual degradation of the environment, and depletion of natural resources likes forests. A huge part of the waste is constituted by paper products, and if we are not careful how we source for more paper materials, we could end up cutting more trees, and thus furth er compounding the greenhouse effect. The best way to achieve the reduction of carbon emissions is by looking for better and more sustainable renewable energy sources and by utilizing better recycling methods. Enhanced Geothermal Systems This system generates electricity by harnessing the heat naturally generated by the earth (Blodgett & Slack, 2009). To accomplish this, you need to dig into a rock located in a cold area. The fractured network is then improved to make a basin into which supplementary wells are going be pierced in. Chilly H2O is then squirted towards the wells, through the fractured network, gripping the warm temperature from the rock as flows into the rock. The end result is, steam is captured from the resurfacing water, which is then used to power steam turbines. Afterward, it is then redirected to the fractured network to repeat the whole cycle again. This method of power generation produces zero carbon emissions and is currently in use at Copper Basin in Australi a. Smart Grids A Smart Grid is a â€Å"computerized† electricity grid. It involves adding two-way digital communication technology devices to an electricity grid (Williams et al, 2007). Each electronic device on the network can gather data, through sensors, plus two-way digital communication between the field and the utility’s network operation center. This connectivity can then allow the operator to adjust and control each individual device.

Research Project Diabetes Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Project Diabetes - Research Proposal Example 6. diabetes-diabetic-diet.com 7. MyDiabetesCentral.com . 8. Introduction to Diabetes Diet. second-opinions.co.uk . 9. Blanchette, K. RD, CDE. The "Diabetic" Diet. . 10. The Australian Nutrition Foundation. Diet and Diabetes. 11. nutritionaustralia.org 12. Bernstein, K.. The Diabetes Diet. Diabete911.net 13. USA TODAY. Fighting Diabetes. 14. Helpguide. Diabetes Diet and Nutrition. .Patient.co.uk 15. Patienplus. Diabetes, Diet and Exercise. . 16. BeatingDiabetes. Beating Diabetes.org. . 17. Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia. Diabetic Diet. . 18. CNN.com. Diabetes. . 19. Rosenzweig J., M.D. Hamdy, O., M.D., Ph.D and Campbell, A. M.S., R.D., C.D.E. Diet and Diabetes: A Personalized Approach. . 20. The New York Times. Diabetes diet. . In order to compose the previous list, I have followed these next steps. Three different search engines were used: Yahoo.com, Google.com and MSN.com For the Yahoo.com search engine the key words used were: Diabetes diet, and the number of hits produced were...Based upon my preliminary research and the results I may find, I should narrow it down to diets, medicines, side effects, etc. As I have mentioned before, Diabetes is a very mortal disease, ranked as the fifth cause of death in the world. While trying to understand the disease I found out the different types of Diabetes. Once on that stage I found out that Diabetes could be treated, in some cases, by reforming one's diet. For that reason I have decided to focus my research on diets for the several types of Diabetes, including the ones affecting children. For the Yahoo.com search engine the key words used were: Diabetes diet, and the number of hits produced were about 66,600,000. The first one hundred pages from the list, were surfed, in order to obtain the addresses of some of the web pages from the previous list. For the second search engine, google.com, the key words used were: Diabetes diet, and it produced about 1,330,000 hits. Also for this search engine, the first one hundred web pages were examined in order to develop the previous list. The procedure used, was not effective since the three search engines produced about the same internet pages.

Banc one corporation (interest rate yield curve and how Banc One's Essay

Banc one corporation (interest rate yield curve and how Banc One's interest swaps impact the curve) - Essay Example These swaps had a significant impact on their portfolio. Initially, they engaged in fixed-receiving IRSs’ which provided them with an above-market return or implied yield. In this case, swaps assisted them in generating higher returns, and thus its yield curve witnessed an upward shift. However, this yield curve would be flat as the rate is fixed. Also, it is shift in the implied yield rather than a rising slope because the tenure of the investment remained the same. After this, Banc One changed gears and opted for investing in short-term floating rate instruments and then entering into medium-term receive-fixed swaps. This again boosted the yield for the corporation, and at the same time provided liquid investments. The advantages of this structured product greatly outweighed the disadvantages. As part of its ongoing strategy to invest in CMOs’, the bank began to consider the development of a synthetic swap which would cater to the CMO investments which Banc One had ma de. Amortized Interest Rate Swaps were introduced. In this derivative, the bank was receiving a fixed rate and paying a floating rate. However, there was a risk of prepayments of the mortgages in which the bank had invested in. If the interest rates were to fall, the amortization of the CDOs’ would increase rapidly and the bank would find itself with funds to reinvest in a depressed market.

Telomere Shortening: Causes and Effects

Telomere Shortening: Causes and Effects Harry McLellan Introduction Telomeres are a repeating sequence TTAGGG, a couple thousand nucleotides long (Kim, et al, 1994) at the end of chromosomes that prevents the degradation of DNA and stops the ends of chromosomes binding together as well as preventing unnecessary repair. The main function of telomeres is preservation of DNA. During cell replication there is a shortening of the telomeric sequence with each cell division (Kim, et al, 1994). Once telomeres become short enough, approaching a critical length the cell begins senescence (Blasco et al. 1997). Therefore, it has been suggested telomere length produces a mitotic clock which could predict cell and organism death (Harley, 1991). Telomeres degrade naturally with each cell division but certain lifestyle factors may accelerate degradation and negatively affecting the health and fitness of an individual. This literature review will explore how telomere length is affected by lifestyle factors and ultimately how this has an effect on ageing. This literat ure review will specifically focus on the telomere length and aging process in humans. A subject gathering a lot of attention and understanding in recent years with the power to predict the longevity of an organism and opportunities to reduce the aging process. Structure and function of telomeres Telomeres cap the ends of chromosomes (Fig. 1) and protected the connected DNA sequences during cell division. Figure 1 a schematic of the end DNA replication problem and how base pairs are lost. Retrieved online at: http://senescence.info/telomeres_telomerase.html (viewed on 18/03/2017)       When the cell divides, DNA must be replicated. However, because DNA can only be replicated 5 to 3, the lagging strand is replicated through backwards stitching. While the leading strand is replicated continuously, the lagging strand requires RNA primers, which provide 3 hydroxyl groups to build from. Then once the primers are removed, a gap is left at the extreme end of the lagging strand template. To stop chromosomes shortening, the end of the DNA strand is a repeating sequence (a telomere) recognised by an enzyme telomerase, which fills in the missing nucleotides to complete the template and ensure no information is lost (Klapper et al. 1998). While telomerase activity is detected in cells with high proliferation potential, in somatic cells it is virtually undetected resulting in the overall shortening of telomeres with each cell division. In immortal or cancerous cells however, telomerase activity is reactivated providing the basis for unregulated and potentially infinite division s as telomere length is repaired after division (Dunham et al. 2000). Figure 2 human chromosomes (grey) capped with stained telomeres (white) retrieved online at: http://science.nasa.gov/media/medialibrary/2006/03/16/22mar_telomeres_resources/caps.gif (viewed on 11/03/2017) Effects of shortening It might be possible to predict a cells lifespan by measuring telomere length, an experiment using cultured human liver tissue reported results of 29-60 base pair loss per year (Takubo et al. 2000). Jiang et al. (2008) and Song et al. (2010) measured the levels of stathmin and EF-1a, which mark DNA damage and dysfunction and found that there is a steady increase with increasing age in humans. Resulting in the overall negative relationship with telomere length and age. Cawthon et al. (2003) found certain genetic disorders like dyskeratosis congenital, the progressive failure of bone marrow leading to early mortality can accelerate telomere shortening. Whilst normal cells loose telomere fragments with each cell division, sufferers of dyskeratosis congenital will experience premature deaths and early development of age related diseases. The same study also compared people of the same age group and lifestyle and found those with naturally shorter telomeres where likely to suffer from a wide range of diseases and had poor survival. Without being affected by life factors, telomere length changes between individual and can give an indication to the life span. Shorter telomeres can lead to genome instability and a higher risk of genetic disease. Gender, genetics and disease In humans there is a negative correlation between telomere length and age, Valdes et al. (2005) published a study that looked at one thousand women and concluded that the human telomere sequence is depleted by 27 base pairs a year by measuring the mean TRF (telomere restriction factor) length using a Southern blot method. Brouilette et al. (2003) found there was no significant difference in telomere shortening rates or length between males and females. Inherently, telomeres can be short and when shorter than average the individual becomes at risk of disease and a reduced lifespan (Farzaneh et al. 2008; Cawthon et al. 2003). Cardiovascular disease is commonly associated with short telomeres (Yang et al. 2009). Telomere length can also be affected by environmental factors (Steinert et al. 2004) not just genetic factors. Factors such as body mass, diet, smoking and exercise (Valdes et al. 2005; Cherkas et al. 2008) all cause a decrease in telomere length and eventual cell senescence (Stiewe and Pà ¼tzer 2001). Factors like smoking and poor diet will accelerate telomere shortening and lead to disease development. Coronary heart disease associated with short leukocyte telomeres (Brouilette   et al. 2003), increased risk of mitochondrial diseases (Zee et al. 2009), atherosclerotic diseases (Van der Harst et al. 2006), diabetes (Sampson et al. 2006) and increased risk in various cancers (Wu et al. 2003). In summary gender has no effect on telomere length but short telomeres are linked to a variety of cancers and disease. Cancer When telomere length becomes too short, the telomere can be subject to repair or recombination (Klapper, et al, 1998). De Lange (2005) published findings that repaired lesions are the probable cause of a cell turning cancerous. In conjunction with this Meeker (2006) stated that short dysfunctional chromosomes are involved in carcinogenesis. Using laser capture microdissection Shammas et al. (2008) looked at the function of telomeres and telomerase activity in adenocarcinoma (types of tumour) cells and found that when telomeres reach a critically short length telomerase activity increases. The same study also found when telomerase activity is suppressed the tumour cells did not proliferate; highlighting telomeres and telomerase involvement in cancerous cells. Poor diet and smoking Telomere shortening to a critical length can cause damage to the genome and potentially turn cancerous. Long term smoking is linked to carcinogenesis in cells (Valdes et al. 2005). Telomere length in circulating lymphocytes is show to be significantly shorter in long term smokers compared with the control none smokers. The exposure to tobacco has a negative effect on the telomere length and accelerates shortening (Morla, 2006). Using biomarkers accumulative DNA damage can be monitored. During ageing and or obesity there is a significant increase in biomarkers human blood. Smoking also caused there to be an increase in biomarkers (Song et al. 2010). When analysed telomeres shorten by roughly 27 base pairs a year but with introduction of smoking 20 cigarettes a day, around 31 base pairs are lost (Valdes et al. 2005); an overall detrimental effect on telomere length. In conjunction with this Epel et al. (2004) produced a study on oxidative stress linked to smoking and telomeres and resu lts showed cells under high oxidative stress had lower levels of telomerase activity and were more susceptible to telomere shortening, aiding the ageing process. Overall smoking has a negative effect and accelerates shortening of telomeres, which can lead to development of tumours or cell death (Meeker, 2006). Oxidative stress is linked with telomere shortening, which leads to DNA damage or premature cell death (Epel et al. 2004). Another factor that increases oxidative stress is poor diet and obesity. A study on obese mice (Furukawa, 2004) showed a positive correlation between fat accumulation and increase in oxidative stress. The study also introduced a NADPH oxidase inhibitor which caused a reduction in adipose tissue (fat/ loose connective tissue) highlighting that fat accumulation is directly linked to oxidative stress. The study concluded with the introduction of the NADPH oxidase inhibitor, caused the conditions of the mice to improve. The reduction in oxidative stress also reduces the telomere shortening (Valdes et al. 2005) and reducing damage to the genome. In summary an increase in oxidative stress has a negative impact on telomere length and ageing. Stress and environment Lifestyle choices impact telomeres length and so does environment an individual lives or works in. A study was conducted to look at the airborne pollutants like toluene and benzene within a city that humans are exposed to on a daily bases (Hoxha et al. 2009). 77 traffic officers and 57 office workers had blood samples taken that where later analysed using real time PCR. Hoxha et al. (2009) analysed the leukocyte telomere length and found a significant difference. Traffic officers who are exposed to traffic pollutants had shorter telomere length compared to office workers. Exposure to pollutants increases telomere shorting and risk from disease and ageing. In conjunction to this Pavanello et al. (2010) studied the leukocyte telomere length in 48 coke over workers compared to 44 controls. All none smokers and all in the same age group the coke oven workers are exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on a daily basis. Pavaello et al. (2010) concluded that coke oven workers exhibited a significantly shorter leukocyte telomere length and higher genome instability linked with disease and ageing (Farzaneh et al. 2008; Cawthon et al. 2003). When an individual becomes stressed, the adrenal steroid glucocorticoid is released. Glucocorticoid has the potential the increase oxidative stress as it is known to inhibit the activity of glutathione peroxidase (an antioxidant enzyme) (Patel et al. 2002). In rats corticosterone (adrenal steroids in rats) caused a decrease in NADPH which is an oxidase inhibitor, (Furukawa, 2004) leading to an increase in oxidative stress and telomere shortening. Stress is associated with oxidative pressure, which is linked to shorter telomeres and poor health. Epel et al. (2004) took a group of women who perceived to have a lot of stress in their life and compared them to a control group who had little stress in their life. The participants consisted of 58 mothers, 19 whom had healthy children and 39 who had chronically ill children. The women with chronically ill children where perceived to have a higher level of stress in their life. The study on shortening in response to stress concluded that women who have a high amount of perceived stress in their life had shorter telomeres equivalent to that of a decade of ageing compared to their control counterparts (Epel et al. 2004). Stress negatively affects telomere length and can lead to poor health and development of disease. Antioxidants Two groups of women and their dietary intake where monitored over the course of five years. The study looked at diets containing high amount antioxidants, mainly vitamin C and E rich foods (fish, fruit and vegetables) against diets which did not (Farzaneh-Far et al. 2008). By measuring telomere length, using quantitative PCR and monitoring the levels of fatty acids in blood, Farzaneh-Far et al. (2008) concluded that an increase in antioxidants correlated with a reduction in shortening of telomeres and the women participants with regular antioxidant intake generally had longer telomeres in comparison to the other dietary group. In a similar study involving 1,067 cases and 1,100 controls, the dietary intake of antioxidants is recorded to study its involvement with the development of breast cancer in women (Shen et al. 2009). In correlation to Farzaneh-Far et al. (2008), Shen et al. (2009) found the same link of a reduction in telomere shortening with increase in antioxidants in the die t. The same paper revealed women with poor diet and low antioxidant intake were far more at risk of developing breast cancer. Antioxidant reduce oxidative damage and telomere shortening. Oxidative stress and nutrition restriction Oxidative damage increases telomere shortening and telomeres are linked to cell senescence. Oxidative damage is therefore linked to the longevity of an organism (Jennings et al. 2000). Dietary restrictions have been placed on organisms such as rats to test whether a decrease in nutrition will decrease oxidative damage. Jennings et al. (2000) found that when nutrition is decreased so that optimal growth cannot be sustained there is an increase in longevity and this is true for a large range or organisms. In an earlier study, Jennings et al. (1999) made the link between early growth and shortened kidney telomeres in rats in later life. The rats with diet restrictions had a reduced maternal growth followed by a postnatal growth catch up but had longer kidney and liver telomeres, which are associated with increased longevity of up to 15% (Jennings et al. 1999). To summarise telomere shortening is accelerated by oxidative stress which in turn can be reduced by nutrition restrictions which will increase longevity. Exercise Oxidative stress from poor diet and general perceived stress can cause an acceleration in telomere shortening (Epel et al. 2004; Farzaneh-Far et al. 2009). Exercise can reduce the effects of stress shortening. Two groups of mice where placed into containers. A group given the option to exercise on a running wheel and the other group given no option to exercise. All running done was voluntary. At the end of the experiment, the mice given the option to exercise showed an increase in telomere stabilisation proteins and a suppression of cell apoptosis regulators (Werner et al. 2009). When tested on humans similar results occurred. When track and field athletes are compared to untrained individuals the data obtained showed an increase in expression of telomere stabilisation proteins in athletes and reduced leukocyte telomere shortening (Werner et al. 2009). Regular exercise will supress the effects of stress and reduce the effects of ageing by preservation of telomeres.    Conclusion Telomeres naturally shorten with time and are reflected in the aging of a human. A cell can only divide so many times before the genome becomes damaged (Klapper, et al, 1998), in this instance the cell must begin cell senescence or apoptosis. Many lifestyle factors like obesity, smoking, poor diet, genetic inheritance, pollution, and stress can accelerate telomere shortening and ageing causing premature death or disease. Other factors work the opposite way, consumption of antioxidants can reduces oxidative stress and slow down telomere shortening (Farzaneh-Far et al. 2008). Regular exercise can increase expression of telomere stabilising proteins (Werner et al. 2009). Restricting nutrition to limit optimal growth will increase the longevity of an organism (Jennings et al. 2000). Telomere length analysation using quantitative PCR can be used to predict the lifespan of an organism and help stop the onset of premature age related diseases.

The Role Of Citizen Political Participation In Hong Kong And Singapore :: essays research papers

The Role of Citizen Political Participation in Hong Kong and Singapore Both Hong Kong and Singapore are city states that traditionally have lacked broad political participation, instead political decisions were left up to a small group of leaders. Historical factors were critical in determining the role of political participation in both city states. Hong Kong's history of colonial rule and the strength of the People's Action Party (PAP) in Singapore acted to keep broad citizen participation in government to a minimum. Hong Kong after World War Two remained a colony of England and it's government remained under colonial rule. Unlike in other Asian nations such as Singapore their existed no major anti-colonial movement and the Colonial government was insulated from political pressure because many residents and immigrants from China appreciated the commercial opportunities that Hong Kong had to offer and were afraid that if England gave up control of Hong Kong the small state would be over run by the newly established and expansionist communist China to the north. During the years immediately after 1949 China was expanding, taking over Tibet and Mongolia; Hong Kong's feeling of insecurity was very real. The Colonial government did in subsequent years establish Hong Kong's Legislative Council and Executive council, and the Colonial government appointed prominent and respected local Chinese citizens to serve on these bodies. These councils although far from democratic did ensure that the Chinese citizenry would at least have representatives to express their pleasure or displeasure with the colonial administration. But these representatives lacked any real power and served only at the pleasure of the Colonial administration. The government of Hong Kong was administered and run by the English Foreign service officers that flocked to Hong Kong, the last vestige of English Empire. In Hong Kong it really was the English that ruled not the Chinese public. In Singapore following the end of World War Two a single political party came into power in Singapore, the People's Action Party which was a strongly anti-colonial left wing party was a made up of communists and more moderate socialists. After independence Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew and his allies were able to steer the party away from communism and toward a more moderate stance. The People's Action Party tolerated dissent and other political parties because Lee Kuan Yew felt he had a solid political base. The PAP so dominated politics that no other political party emerged in Singapore as a strong force. In the democratically held elections in Singapore the PAP always won by large majorities. The greatest blow came to the PAP in 1984 when the opposition won The Role Of Citizen Political Participation In Hong Kong And Singapore :: essays research papers The Role of Citizen Political Participation in Hong Kong and Singapore Both Hong Kong and Singapore are city states that traditionally have lacked broad political participation, instead political decisions were left up to a small group of leaders. Historical factors were critical in determining the role of political participation in both city states. Hong Kong's history of colonial rule and the strength of the People's Action Party (PAP) in Singapore acted to keep broad citizen participation in government to a minimum. Hong Kong after World War Two remained a colony of England and it's government remained under colonial rule. Unlike in other Asian nations such as Singapore their existed no major anti-colonial movement and the Colonial government was insulated from political pressure because many residents and immigrants from China appreciated the commercial opportunities that Hong Kong had to offer and were afraid that if England gave up control of Hong Kong the small state would be over run by the newly established and expansionist communist China to the north. During the years immediately after 1949 China was expanding, taking over Tibet and Mongolia; Hong Kong's feeling of insecurity was very real. The Colonial government did in subsequent years establish Hong Kong's Legislative Council and Executive council, and the Colonial government appointed prominent and respected local Chinese citizens to serve on these bodies. These councils although far from democratic did ensure that the Chinese citizenry would at least have representatives to express their pleasure or displeasure with the colonial administration. But these representatives lacked any real power and served only at the pleasure of the Colonial administration. The government of Hong Kong was administered and run by the English Foreign service officers that flocked to Hong Kong, the last vestige of English Empire. In Hong Kong it really was the English that ruled not the Chinese public. In Singapore following the end of World War Two a single political party came into power in Singapore, the People's Action Party which was a strongly anti-colonial left wing party was a made up of communists and more moderate socialists. After independence Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew and his allies were able to steer the party away from communism and toward a more moderate stance. The People's Action Party tolerated dissent and other political parties because Lee Kuan Yew felt he had a solid political base. The PAP so dominated politics that no other political party emerged in Singapore as a strong force. In the democratically held elections in Singapore the PAP always won by large majorities. The greatest blow came to the PAP in 1984 when the opposition won