Religions of the World Essay - 1063 Words

Religions of the World Religions of the world must be studied subjectively, or with the attitude of pluralism, the view that they are all equal. A number of methods are used to study religions. The most common is the historical comparative method in which a certain faiths history and traditions are deliberated. This method focuses on orthodoxy, meaning correct thought. Another method is the phenomenological method. This method, unlike the historical comparative method, is centered on orthopraxy, or correct practice. Other less common methods involve subjective modes of study such as the confessional method of study, which interprets a religion based on a particular point of view, and the empathetic approach, which is based†¦show more content†¦Rocks also possess religious references. Easter Island and Stonehenge, for example, hold religious significance of ethnic religions of the past. The Kotel, or the Wailing Wall, in Jerusalem is a more modern example, being the last standing part of the s econd temple. Other examples of physical geography in religion are trees, which were used to create totems, and rivers, such as the Nile, which was sacred in the ancient Egyptian religion and the Ganges, which is still sacred today to the Hindus. Water is used as a means of purification in Christianity, Judaism and Islam. The desert is also and example. It is often considered to be a means of spiritual refinement. The ecology of religion is of great importance. The processes of nature become ritualized in attempt to change the processes or powers behind them. Simple ethnic religions, especially, are built around cycles of nature as fertility rituals. The more complex the religion becomes, the more complex the type of ritual practiced becomes. When Christianity began, it practiced many of the values from the Mediterranean agricultural societies from which it originated. Christianity began to take on the characteristics of the people who accepted it. For instance, the Jewis h Passover became Easter, Christmas was not originally practiced, but Christians gradually absorbed the pagan celebration of the winter solstice. Religion also relates directly to the land. EnvironmentalShow MoreRelatedWorld Religion2226 Words   |  9 PagesReligion is a hard word to define. Some might define religion as believing in a high power, deities, or a single God. Others define it as a belief system that has more to do with culture and traditions being past down from generation to generation than anything. According to Ask.com (n.d.), religion is define as the belief in and reverence for a supernatural power or powers regarded as creator and governor of the universe. No one knows what the first religion was or when it was founded, but todayRead MoreWorld Religion1511 Words   |  7 PagesDanielle Walker World Religions Field Trip Paper 4 May 2014 Different People’s Way of Life Many individuals abide or live life along a set of guidelines or follow a certain religion and that conveys their way of life. Religions have many values, beliefs, and aspirations among them. Worldwide many religions are practiced daily although some may be practiced more than others on a daily basis. I have learned about many aspects, values, and what the motive to practicing a certain religion may give toRead MoreWorld Religion5936 Words   |  24 Pages1-Understanding Religion STUDY QUESTIONS (Pages 1-29) Group A 1. What are some of the questions religion seek to answer? List some of the human needs served by religion? 2. Discuss a theory on origins of religion by one of the thinkers in the reading (Tylor, Frazer, Freud, James, Otto or Jung) that makes sense to you at the present time. 3. List and describe the eight elements that are developed in varying degrees in most religions? 4. Define what is meant by sacred in religion and give some examplesRead MoreWorld Religion: Christianity the Most Widespread Religion in The World1473 Words   |  6 PagesAll over the world, there are many people who believe in something or someone of a higher power. There are about five billion people who believe in a higher power (Tiemann 526). There are six world religions that have followers all around the world. The six world religions are Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism. Many of these religions are monotheistic, which is the belief of only one god or one higher power. There are also polytheistic believers, which is the beliefRead MoreReligion Five Major World Religions Essay1047 Words   |  5 Pages Religion 101 Brian R. Newsom REL 101 David Paul December 11, 2016 Religion 101 During these past weeks, I have made an effort to fathom religion as a whole. From end to end reading, study, independent research, viewing related video clips, and discussions with my co-workers, I now have a healthier understanding of the five major world religions (Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism) and how each came into existence. I am thrilled to share with you some of theRead MoreThe Invention Of World Religions853 Words   |  4 PagesTomoko Masuzawa’s literary work, The Invention of World Religions, provides a meticulous analysis of how the term â€Å"world religions† is categorized and used in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Masuzawa addresses how the categorization of world religions has changed throughout history and how different elements of each religion, such as texts, origin, and ability to expand have shaped the classification of that religion by scholars. By using the works of well-established scholars, she is ableRead Mor eEssay on Religions of the World1608 Words   |  7 PagesThe Religions of the World Religion is big part of human life. Every area of the world has some kind of religion or belief system. Religion is defined as â€Å"a personal set or institutionalized system of religious attitudes, beliefs, and practices† (â€Å"Religion† Def.2). With such a large amount of religions today, religion is widely variegated, usually with divisions in each one. Despite the large amount of religions, I will only be covering only three religions: Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism. Read MoreReligion Of The World Essays1431 Words   |  6 PagesReligion is interwoven with the social, economic, and political life of the people. It is properly one of the areas of interest to a sociologist because of its influence on the individual and its functions in society. Thus, religion unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things, that is to say, things set apart and forbidden-beliefs and practices which unite into one single moral community called a church all those who adhere to them. Important practice of religion is the observanceRead MoreReligion And The Modern World Essay1334 Words   |  6 PagesReligions and civilization have always gone hand in hand, forming and evolving as time goes on. With so many various religions represented throughout history and in our diverse cultures, there are various subjects, ideas, and themes depicted and repeated. With so many concepts available to us in so many forms, we are able to easily compare and discuss their presence and how they integrate into concepts of the modern world. Two forms of religion are animism versus anthropocentrism. Animistic religionsRead MoreReligions of the World Essay673 Words   |  3 PagesReligions of the World Since the creation of The Church of Jesus Christ of The Latter-Day Saints, there have been many controversies concerning the similarities and differences between Mormonism and Catholicism, Christianity and Protestantism. Other than the obvious, that Catholicism, Christianity and Protestantism believe that there are no more prophets, and Mormons believe that there are still prophets walking the earth today, differences between the faiths range in

Free Trade Agreement Between China and Australia - 683 Words

Free Trade Agreement between Australia and China China, Australia’s second larges export destination, is a growing economy. The labours in china are really cheap, so a lot of companies set up new manufactures in China and close down manufactures in other countries. A Chinese is satisfied getting 800 yean month, three meals a day and a bed to sleep. There are also people, who are willing to work for even lower labours. So if Australia would have a FTA with china it could profit from the fast growth and development of China. China’s growing manufacturing industry needs large volumes of raw materials, which could be supplied by Australia. â€Å"Most Farmers and key agricultural exporters –wool, beef, dairy and grains- have set up their sights†¦show more content†¦The FTA will be a model of how to countries, so different in many respects, can share an economic future.†(the Age,April 20,2005 ) But there are also disadvantages. While Australia’s wool industry and other sections of Australia’s economy would profit from the FTA, there are also losers. The car, clothing and vegetable industry could be destroyed by the Chinese exports, because the Chinese producers can offer their products much cheaper. â€Å"But they don’t face the same quality assurance condition and have access to cheap labour.†(the Age,April 20, 2005) China could swamp Australia with below-cost imports. The Australian producers aren’t competitive, so they will loose market shares. Before the negotiations begin, Australia has to recognize China as a market economy. â€Å"But the prices for Chinese products appear to be set by authorities instead of markets†(the Age, December 6,2004) and the products are often dumped, so a recognition would undermine Australia’s anti-dumping powers. Chinas rules of law in commerce are still underdeveloped and the economy isnâ⠂¬â„¢t fully transparent. If Australia recognises china as a market economy the minister isn’t required to resort surrogacy, where unreliable or no pricing information is available. So there would be Legislative or administrative changes needed to undertake action against predatory priced products dumped on the Australian market. Besides China’s benefits of this deal will be grater than the Australian ones, because China isShow MoreRelatedImpact Of Globalization On The Global Economy1452 Words   |  6 Pagesexpand out exchanges and social trade. This results in a trade of different perspectives, knowledge, items and culture. Many goods and services have increased, because of worldwide trading throughout the past years. Australia is linked into the global economy due to exchanges being made between nations and technology being better than ever, as it is quicker, faster and easier to communicate with potential customers. 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Supply Chain Logistics Management UK Retail Grocery Market

Question: With reference to critical analytical frameworks to global supply chains critically evaluate the following statement: The real competition is not company against company but rather supply chains against supply chains? Answer: Every organization tends to implement the best strategy possible and put the best step forward to gain the best position in the market. The changes can be internal or external. Many organizations think that by changing the internal environment. On the other hand, there are certain organizations that believe that changing the way of business operations might help the organizations to lead in the market. However, it might happen that the supply chain management can help the organization to develop a strong business. The supply chain can at times play the role of a value chain if the businessperson intelligently chooses the suppliers as well as select a chain that will help in reaching the customers in a better manner. The relationship of the businessperson with the supplier and a constant market research will help the organization to stay ahead in the race. When an organization gets better suppliers, they will be able to draw more customers from the market. It is also important that th e organizations supply packaged goods to the customers in a proper manner. The customers who can appreciate the products and hence remain attached to the organizations. Thus, along with the studying the customers, it is important that the organization also study the suppliers and try to strengthen the supply chains. The supply chain plays an integral part in the organization and eventually helps the organization to develop the business. The write-up will look into the importance of the supply chain and the ways that an organization can strengthen the supply chain (Viswanadham and Kameshwaran 2013). To win over the competitors, it is important that a company organizes the supply chains as well as arrange the logistics accordingly. Once an organization arranges the supply chains well by keeping in mind the three Cs that are, the customers, the competitors and the company, there is a high chance that the organization will have a competitive advantage in the market. The supply chains can be strengthened by keeping in mind the three Cs (Viswanadham and Kameshwaran 2013). Figure 1: the competitive advantage showing the three Cs in the supply chain management (Source: Gereffi and Fernandez-Stark, 2011) or an organization, which seeks to gain more profit from the market, it needs to create a strong customer base by providing goods at a better price than the competitors provide. On the other hand, the competitors and the company itself will look into the assets available in the market as well as in the organization, and utilize it accordingly (Gereffi and Fernandez-Stark 2011). Hence, the organization should create a strong a chain of strong suppliers from where they can get the goods at a lower rate. Once the suppliers provide the raw materials for a lower rate, and the organization develops a good relationship with the suppliers, they will be able to add on the assets available to the organization. Thus, by creating a chain of strong suppliers and getting the raw materials in time, it will help them to satisfy the customers (Cordon, Hald and Seifert 2012). As a result, it will eventually help in creating as a strong customer base. According to Cox, the supply chain thinking includes power and theory in an equal manner. A person might have the power over someone and something (Cox 1999). In a supply chain, it is important that the businessperson value the suppliers, the company, the customers the competitors equally. It might happen that in a supply chain, one person might have more power while the power of another person is limited (Cowen 2014). The person who can gain more amount of revenue by using the power or by limiting the power will also try to do. Hence, it is important that a buyer understands which supplier possess the exact amount of power. In this way, the buyer has to place the suppliers in a way so that the buyer can gain the most with the minimum price (Lysons and Farrington 2012). The user also has to decide the ways to get more from the value. When the buyer can get more amounts of good from multiple buyers at a similar rate, the buyer should shut down the suppler who is unnecessary seeking fo r more power. On the other hand, valuable suppliers should be handled properly so that they buyer can stay ahead in the race of the competitors (Morana 2013). The utilization of power and the assets is another integral part where then buyer or the owner of an organization should know the way they should utilize the power and the assets in the organization (Myerson 2012). If the supply is less, then the owner should use the resources in such a way so that the raw material does not get used up easily (Selwyn 2008). Figure 2: the supply chain and value chain mapping (Source: Christopher, 2011) To stay ahead in the competition, the owner needs to do a proper mapping of the value chain and the supply chain. In the map, the value chain is considered the raw material without which the businessperson could deliver the finished products to the customers; the supply chain in the map describes the path through which the products will be delivered to the customers (Sodhi and Tang 2012). It includes the packaged goods that are delivered to the customers. Hence, it is important that the supply chain and the value chain be given equal importance. Once the value chain is weak, it the businessperson will not be able to deliver the products well (Dolan and Humphrey 2000). On the other hand, even if the then value chain is strong, if the businessperson does not establish a strong supply chain, the products will not reach the customers. Hence, it is important that both the chains be given equal importance (Drake 2012). Moreover, the map shows that the exchange relationship. Hence, it can a lso be said that the supply chain and the value are inter-dependent ones each other (The deadly life of logistics: mapping violence in global trade 2015). Thus, the both the chains should be strong so that the organization can survive in the competitive market. Thus, the line The real competition is not company against the company but rather supply chains against supply chains should be taken seriously by the organization. Once an organization can establish a strong supply chain, they will be able to perform better in the competitive market (Fold 2002). In the article by Cox, Glyn Watson represented a case where the roles of certain supply and value chains are being mentioned (Cox 1999). The case mentioned that the key participants can make two choices; the key participants in the supply chain management can either understand the competition or give rise to innovation (Burt and Sparks 2003). However, the risks will be there in both the cases. When they understand the competition, they can implement a common market strategy and play safely in the market. On the contrary, if they choose to implement an innovation, they will be able to achieve gain, which will be temporary. Joe Sanderson points out that even if a businessperson is a potential player in the market with a strong hold on the assets, the reason needs to upgrade the functions to keep up with the competition (Tokatli 2007). At times when there is a tough competition, it is not always the company, which wins the game. It might happen that the company that delights the custome rs wins the race; hence, the organization needs to have strong supply chain so that it can delight the customers, rather than just to satisfy the customers (Bowersox 2013). Conclusion The assignment concludes that the importance of supply chain management should be given special attention by the organizations. The three Cs shows that there are the three factors, which helps the organization to implement a competitive advantage in the market. The three Cs that are taken into consideration are the customers, the company, and the competitors. The organization not only needs to satisfy the customers, but they also need look into the assets and the utilizations of the assets to stay ahead of the competitors as well as maintain the organization. The supply chain and the value chain mapping shows that the organization should give equal weight age should be given to the value chain and the supply chain. In the map, the value chain is the raw material that is delivered to the organization, and the supply chain is the path through which the products will get delivered to the customers. An organization should strengthen the value chain to get better raw materials so that the y can deliver better products to the customers. An organization also needs to strengthen the supply chain so that the customers are delighted with the services rather than just getting satisfied with the products. References Bowersox, D. (2013).Supply chain logistics management. New York: McGraw-Hill. Burt, S. and Sparks, L. (2003). Power and Competition in the UK Retail Grocery Market.British Journal of Management, 14(3), pp.237-254. Chopra, S. and Meindl, P. (2013).Supply chain management. Boston: Pearson. Christopher, M. (2011).Logistics supply chain management. Harlow, England: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Cordon, C., Hald, K. and Seifert, R. (2012).Strategic supply chain management. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. Cowen, D. (2014). The deadly life of logistics: Mapping violence in the global trade by DeborahCowen, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 2014, 328 pp., paper US$25.00 (ISBN 978-0816680887).The Canadian Geographer / Le Gographe canadien, p.n/a-n/a. Cox, A. (1999). Power, value and supply chain management.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 4(4), pp.167-175. Dolan, C. and Humphrey, J. (2000). Governance and Trade in Fresh Vegetables: The Impact of UK Supermarkets on the African Horticulture Industry.Journal of Development Studies, 37(2), pp.147-176. Drake, M. (2012).Global supply chain management. [New York, N.Y.] (222 East 46th Street, New York, NY 10017): Business Expert Press. Fold, N. (2002). Lead Firms and Competition in 'Bi-polar' Commodity Chains: Grinders and Branders in the Global Cocoa-chocolate Industry.Journal of Agrarian Change, 2(2), pp.228-247. Gereffi, G. and Fernandez-Stark, K. (2011).GLOBAL VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS: A PRIMER. 1st ed. Lysons, K. and Farrington, B. (2012).Purchasing and supply chain management. Harlow, Essex: Pearson Financial Times. Morana, J. (2013).Sustainable Supply Chain Management. Wiley-ISTE. Myerson, P. (2012).Lean supply chain and logistics management. New York: McGraw-Hill. Selwyn, B. (2008). Bringing social relations back in: (re) conceptualising the 'Bullwhip Effect' in global commodity chains.IJMCP, 3(2), p.156. Sodhi, M. and Tang, C. (2012).Managing supply chain risk. New York: Springer. The deadly life of logistics: mapping violence in global trade. (2015).Choice Reviews Online, 52(10), pp.52-5571-52-5571. Tokatli, N. (2007). Global sourcing: insights from the global clothing industry the case of Zara, a fast fashion retailer.Journal of Economic Geography, 8(1), pp.21-38. Viswanadham, N. and Kameshwaran, S. (2013).Ecosystem-Aware global supply chain management. New Jersey: World Scientific Publishing Company.

King Lear, Searching for Vision Essay Example For Students

King Lear, Searching for Vision Essay Through the course of the play, King Lear goes through a process of attaining self-knowledge, or true vision of ones self and the world. With this knowledge, he goes through a change of person, much like a caterpillar into a butterfly. In the beginning, King Lears vanity, and the image and exercise of power dominate his person. But a series of losses (based on his own bad decisions), a fool of a conscious, a powerful storm, a supposed crazy man, and the death of the one who truly loved him, clear his vision and allow him to see the himself and the world as they truly are. The pain and suffering endured by Lear eventually tears down his strength and sanity. Lear is not as strong, arrogant, and filled with pride as he was in the beginning of the play instead he is weak, scared, and a confused old man. At the end of the play Lear has completely lost his sanity with the loss of his daughter Cordelia and this is the thing that breaks Lear and leads to his death. In the beginning, King Lear shows his need for praise is how he chooses to divide his kingdom among his daughters. The one who praises him with the most gusto shall receive the largest area of land. This is even more evident when you consider that he already has divided up the kingdom before the praising even begins. As evident as he gives each daughter her land before hearing the next daughters praise. Thus the who thing is just a show and an ego boost to himself. It is because of his love for praise that makes him react so strongly to Cordelia and Kent when they do not act as he would like them to. It could be said he is like a child who doesnt remember all that his family has done for them, but only sees them saying no to a piece of candy. In the play, this is shown in his banishment of Cordelia and Kent. Kent is probably one of the most loyal people in the room (not to mention his kingdom), and it is Cordelia that truly does love Lear. But because they choose not to contribute to this ego trip, they are banished. In fact, he threatens to kill Cordelia if she is found in ten days. Lear says,Upon our kingdom; if, on the tenth day following,Thy banished trunk be found in our dominions,The moment of thy death. Away! By Jupiter, This shows that at the beginning of the play, King Lear feels that his image is more important than the life of his favorite daughter. This hunger for image attributes is further shown when Kent presents himself to King Lear after being banished, but in disguise. Kent wants to gain employment as a servant to the King uses Lears gullability to praise in order to win the position. In this case, its the image of autority that Kent appeals to. The dialog is as follows:Lear: Does thou know me, fellow?Kent: No, sir; but you have that in your countenance which I would fain call master. Lear: Whats that?Kent: Authority As with many of todays corporate jobs, saying the right things to those in charge can get you many things regardless of your qualifications. Because Kent tells Lear that he radiates authority, Lear gives him a chance to serve him. King Lear continues to show his need for ego reinforcement with his keeping of a hundred knights. These knights are hardly around for noble deeds as one might assume knights to be doing. They are in fact are merely Lears fair-weathered friends who eat, drink, and go hunting with him. They provide a blanket of security by always praising Lear, and leaving him someone he can exercise command over. His need for them becomes more apparent when Goneril suggests that not keep them. Lear becomes extremely angry with her which is shown when he asks the gods to render Goneril unable to bare children. Lear says;Hear, Nature, hear! Dear goddess, hear!Suspend thy purpose, if thou dist intendto make this creature fruitful!Into her womb convey sterility!Dry up in her the organs of

Movimientos Vanguardistas Espaloes Essays - Jacinto De Evia

Movimientos Vanguardistas Espa?loes Movimiento vanguardista espa?ol e hispanoamericano Con este nombre se designan los movimientos art?sticos y literarios que nacen en el siglo XX, aproximadamente desde 1910 a 1939. Su ?poca de m?ximo esplendor es hasta 1920, a partir de 1930 decaen pues el arte se acerca de nuevo a la realidad y se hace social y comprometido pol?ticamente. En la Gaceta Literaria, junio de 1930, Guillermo de Torre da una larga lista con los movimientos de vanguardia: Cubismo Caracter?sticas generales: Futurismo 1. La existencia de muchos movimientos Expresionismo con una vida ef?mera, pues la continua Dada?smo experimentaci?n es la base del arte; ?sta Ultra?smo trae consigo la fugacidad de las corrientes Ultramodernismo art?sticas: algunas apenas influyen pue Creacionismo son modas pasajeras, otras dejan profundas Neorromanticismo huellas. Superrealismo 2. Son europeos, la mayor?a nacen en Francia, Existencialismo desde all? se lanzan los manifiestos, incluso los que tienen otra procedencia. 3. Afectan a las artes en general, y rompen las barreras de las artes y de las letras: m?sicos, escultores, pintores, escritores, hombres de cine, etc. Se dan cita en la renovaci?n expresiva, y buscan una nueva unidad, algo similar a lo que ya exist?a en las artes pl?sticas con lo g?tico y . que el Renacimiento hab?a fragmentado 4. Desean ser originales, abrir nuevos caminos, crear para el futuro; son la y se oponen con virulencia a las est?ticas pasadas (Realismo, Naturalismo, Romanticismo, etc.) 5. Su p?blico es minoritario, se re?nen en caf?s, se aglutinan en torno a revistas y desde ellas lanzan sus manifiestos; est?n alejados del gran p?blico, con el paso del tiempo, algunos de sus logros formales y tem?ticos se han acercado a la mayor?a. I. Cubismo A. ?poca 1908-1914 Se inicia en Par?s como un movimiento propio de la pintura y luego pasa a la literatura. Surge por la necesidad de establecer la correspondencia l?rica al hallazgo pl?stico representado por el cubismo pict?rico. B. Caracter?sticas 1. Esquematismo, quiebra de la realidad. La descompone y forma una nueva realidad imaginada. 2. Literatura sin tema central ni an?cdota. 3. Ilogismo voluntario que da libre curso al pensamiento. 4. Deformaci?n de la realidad por medio de met?foras e im?genes desintegrantes. C. Autores importantes Apollinaire, Cendrars, Reverdy, Cocteau y Max Jacob. D. Obras representativas E. Aportaci?n literaria F. Trozo literario ?Ahora caminas por Par?s muy solo entre la multitud Reba?os de autobuses mugiendo junto a ti ruedan la angustia del temor te aprieta el gaznate como si nunca m?s debieras ser ya amado Si vivieras en el tiempo antiguo entrar?as en un monasterio Ten?is verg?enza cuando os sorprend?is diciendo una oraci?n Te burlas de ti y como el fuego del infierno tu risa chispea las chispas de tu risa doran el fondo de tu vida Es un cuadro colgado en un sombr?o museo y a veces vas a mirarla de cerca.?. Apollinaire: Zona; traducci?n de Jos? Mar?a Valverde II. Futurismo A. ?poca 1909-1914 Se inicia en Italia con el poeta Filippo T. Marinetti. B. Caracter?sticas 1. Desprecio al pasado, a lo tradicional, a las academias, a los museos. Amor al presente y al futuro. 2. Amor a la libertad, a la energ?a, a la vida moderna, la velocidad, la fuerza f?sica, las m?quinas. 3. Modificaci?n de la gram?tica y supresi?n de la puntuaci?n. 4. Desprecio al sentimentalismo. C. Autores importantes 1. Humberto Boccioni 2. Carlo Carr? 3. Luigi Rusolo 4. Giacomo Balla 5. Gino Severini 6. Filippo T. Marinetti D. Obras representativas 1. Manifiesto del futurismo (1909) De Filippo T. Marinetti E. Aportaci?n literaria Es un movimiento subversivo. Proclama su hast?o y el cansancio de quienes no soportan el peso de la civilizaci?n occidental; busca la libertad, huyendo de todos los contenidos ideol?gicos y de las representaciones generadas por ?stos (impresionismo, expresionismo, cubismo); se dirige al mundo de la mec?nica y descubre que la vida moderna, en sus aspectos m?s din?micos (principalmente en los avances tecnol?gicos), debe constituir un objetivo de atenci?n primordial. F. Trozo literario ?Sabed que el esplendor del mundo se ha enriquecido con una belleza nueva: la belleza de la velocidad... Un autom?vil rugiente, que parece correr sobre la metralla, es m?s bello que la Victoria de Samotracia... Cantaremos las grandes multitudes agitadas por el trabajo, la vibraci?n nocturna de los arsenales bajo sus violentas lunas el?ctricas?. Filippo T. Marinetti: Manifiesto del futurismo (1909) III. Expresionismo A. ?poca 1910-1925 Surge en Alemania. Abarca aproximadamente quince a?os. Sin embargo, los l?mites cronol?gicos son imprecisos: puede hablarse de un expresionismo temprano desde 1905, y es evidente que influye hasta 1930 en pa?ses como Alemania. B. Caracter?sticas 1. Reacci?n subjetivista contra el impresionismo de los modernistas. 2. Aspira a un

Hay Que, Tener Que and Similar Spanish Phrases

Hay Que, Tener Que and Similar Spanish Phrases If you have to say theres something you have to do or that has to be done, heres how you can do it in Spanish. Tener Que Perhaps the most common way of saying to have to in Spanish is tener que followed by an infinitive. Tengo que pagar impuestos. (I have to pay taxes.) Mi padre tiene que ir a Barranquilla. (My father has to go to Barranquilla.) Tener que is the phrase for statements of necessity that is usually learned first by students of Spanish because it is very common and doesnt require the knowledge of any verb conjugation beyond the forms of tener. But there are other ways as well to make statements of necessity. Hay Que Another that is even easier to learn because it doesnt require any conjugation is hay que, again followed by an infinitive: Hay que ser muy listo. (It is necessary to be very ready.)  ¿Por quà © hay que usar cà ³digos? (Why is it necessary to use codes?) Necesitar Que and Es Necesario Que As might be expected, some other phrases used in statements of necessity are closely related to the word necessary. One is the impersonal verb necesitar, meaning to be necessary, which can be followed by que and a verb in the subjunctive mood. Necesito que un experto me contacte. (I need an expert to contact me. A word-for-word translation would be: I need that an expert contact me. Many of the other translations below where the subjunctive is used follow a similar pattern.) Necesitas que alguien te escuche. (You need someone to listen to you.) Similarly, it is possible to use the impersonal phrase es necesario que, which also is followed by a verb in the subjunctive. Es necesario que Europa conserve su herencia. (It is necessary for Europe to retain its heritage.) Es necesario que nos envà ­en los datos. (It is necessary for them to send us the data.) Two Es Phrases Less common than the above is the impersonal phrase es preciso, which also means it is necessary. It is usually followed by an infinitive, but it also can be followed by que and a subjunctive verb. Es preciso revisar el diseà ±o y la organizacià ³n del programa. (It is necessary to change the design and organization of the program.) Es preciso que trabajen. (It is necessary for them to work.) The impersonal phrase es importante, meaning it is important, is used in the same way, although it isnt as forceful as es necesario. Es importante saber sobre interoperabilidad. (It is important to know about interoperability.) Es importante que el sitio web està © en espaà ±ol. (It is important that the website be in Spanish.) Urgir Finally, to indicate that something is urgently necessary, it is possible to use the impersonal phrase urge que from the verb urgir, again followed by a verb in the subjunctive. Urge que Xcacel sea declarada como reserva natural protegida. (It is urgent that Xcacel be declared a natural protected reserve.) Me urge que todo el mundo lo lea. (It is urgent to me that everybody read it.) The verb urgir can also stand alone as a verb to mean to be urgently needed. Urge atencià ³n inmediata el caso de los asesinatos de mujeres en Ciudad Jurez. The case of women murdered in Cuidad Juarez urgently needs attention.) Me urge ayuda sobre los siguientes terminales. (I urgently need help with the following terms.)

Renewable Energy Consumption in the Future Research Paper

Renewable Energy Consumption in the Future - Research Paper Example At current consumption rates, we are left with 200 years of coal, 40 years of oil and 60 years of gas. Fossil fuels, Nuclear, and hydroelectric power plants also pose a danger to the environment (Hargreaves, 2011). If we are to address the issue of global warming, brought about through carbon emissions, then we will have to use the right energy sources, and dispose of the waste produced in our day to day lives in an effective manner. The use of solar panels is leading renewable alternative energy source used globally. Solar panels work by harnessing the radiation from the sun and converting it to electricity. Its main advantage is the abundant availability of the sun’s rays and widespread accessibility across the globe. But supply can be variable and intermittent, depending on weather conditions and time frames. These factors would probably underscore why the uptake of solar panels has not been as widespread as would be expected. According to the Pew Center on Global Climate c hange (2010), solar power only produces one percent of the energy requirement of the whole world in 2008. According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (2010), Americans generated approximately 2.3 million tons of waste, in the year 2009. 53% of that waste was dumped, 33.8% recycled and 11.9% burned. This would seem to indicate that only a small portion of waste actually gets recycled. According to the grassroots recycling network (grrn.org), many of the products that we think are recycled are actually â€Å"downcycled†. For example, newspapers are turned into low-value products like insulation material and cow bedding. The problem with this type of waste management system is that it leads to the continual degradation of the environment, and depletion of natural resources likes forests. A huge part of the waste is constituted by paper products, and if we are not careful how we source for more paper materials, we could end up cutting more trees, and thus furth er compounding the greenhouse effect. The best way to achieve the reduction of carbon emissions is by looking for better and more sustainable renewable energy sources and by utilizing better recycling methods. Enhanced Geothermal Systems This system generates electricity by harnessing the heat naturally generated by the earth (Blodgett & Slack, 2009). To accomplish this, you need to dig into a rock located in a cold area. The fractured network is then improved to make a basin into which supplementary wells are going be pierced in. Chilly H2O is then squirted towards the wells, through the fractured network, gripping the warm temperature from the rock as flows into the rock. The end result is, steam is captured from the resurfacing water, which is then used to power steam turbines. Afterward, it is then redirected to the fractured network to repeat the whole cycle again. This method of power generation produces zero carbon emissions and is currently in use at Copper Basin in Australi a. Smart Grids A Smart Grid is a â€Å"computerized† electricity grid. It involves adding two-way digital communication technology devices to an electricity grid (Williams et al, 2007). Each electronic device on the network can gather data, through sensors, plus two-way digital communication between the field and the utility’s network operation center. This connectivity can then allow the operator to adjust and control each individual device.

Research Project Diabetes Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Project Diabetes - Research Proposal Example 6. diabetes-diabetic-diet.com 7. MyDiabetesCentral.com . 8. Introduction to Diabetes Diet. second-opinions.co.uk . 9. Blanchette, K. RD, CDE. The "Diabetic" Diet. . 10. The Australian Nutrition Foundation. Diet and Diabetes. 11. nutritionaustralia.org 12. Bernstein, K.. The Diabetes Diet. Diabete911.net 13. USA TODAY. Fighting Diabetes. 14. Helpguide. Diabetes Diet and Nutrition. .Patient.co.uk 15. Patienplus. Diabetes, Diet and Exercise. . 16. BeatingDiabetes. Beating Diabetes.org. . 17. Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia. Diabetic Diet. . 18. CNN.com. Diabetes. . 19. Rosenzweig J., M.D. Hamdy, O., M.D., Ph.D and Campbell, A. M.S., R.D., C.D.E. Diet and Diabetes: A Personalized Approach. . 20. The New York Times. Diabetes diet. . In order to compose the previous list, I have followed these next steps. Three different search engines were used: Yahoo.com, Google.com and MSN.com For the Yahoo.com search engine the key words used were: Diabetes diet, and the number of hits produced were...Based upon my preliminary research and the results I may find, I should narrow it down to diets, medicines, side effects, etc. As I have mentioned before, Diabetes is a very mortal disease, ranked as the fifth cause of death in the world. While trying to understand the disease I found out the different types of Diabetes. Once on that stage I found out that Diabetes could be treated, in some cases, by reforming one's diet. For that reason I have decided to focus my research on diets for the several types of Diabetes, including the ones affecting children. For the Yahoo.com search engine the key words used were: Diabetes diet, and the number of hits produced were about 66,600,000. The first one hundred pages from the list, were surfed, in order to obtain the addresses of some of the web pages from the previous list. For the second search engine, google.com, the key words used were: Diabetes diet, and it produced about 1,330,000 hits. Also for this search engine, the first one hundred web pages were examined in order to develop the previous list. The procedure used, was not effective since the three search engines produced about the same internet pages.

Banc one corporation (interest rate yield curve and how Banc One's Essay

Banc one corporation (interest rate yield curve and how Banc One's interest swaps impact the curve) - Essay Example These swaps had a significant impact on their portfolio. Initially, they engaged in fixed-receiving IRSs’ which provided them with an above-market return or implied yield. In this case, swaps assisted them in generating higher returns, and thus its yield curve witnessed an upward shift. However, this yield curve would be flat as the rate is fixed. Also, it is shift in the implied yield rather than a rising slope because the tenure of the investment remained the same. After this, Banc One changed gears and opted for investing in short-term floating rate instruments and then entering into medium-term receive-fixed swaps. This again boosted the yield for the corporation, and at the same time provided liquid investments. The advantages of this structured product greatly outweighed the disadvantages. As part of its ongoing strategy to invest in CMOs’, the bank began to consider the development of a synthetic swap which would cater to the CMO investments which Banc One had ma de. Amortized Interest Rate Swaps were introduced. In this derivative, the bank was receiving a fixed rate and paying a floating rate. However, there was a risk of prepayments of the mortgages in which the bank had invested in. If the interest rates were to fall, the amortization of the CDOs’ would increase rapidly and the bank would find itself with funds to reinvest in a depressed market.

Telomere Shortening: Causes and Effects

Telomere Shortening: Causes and Effects Harry McLellan Introduction Telomeres are a repeating sequence TTAGGG, a couple thousand nucleotides long (Kim, et al, 1994) at the end of chromosomes that prevents the degradation of DNA and stops the ends of chromosomes binding together as well as preventing unnecessary repair. The main function of telomeres is preservation of DNA. During cell replication there is a shortening of the telomeric sequence with each cell division (Kim, et al, 1994). Once telomeres become short enough, approaching a critical length the cell begins senescence (Blasco et al. 1997). Therefore, it has been suggested telomere length produces a mitotic clock which could predict cell and organism death (Harley, 1991). Telomeres degrade naturally with each cell division but certain lifestyle factors may accelerate degradation and negatively affecting the health and fitness of an individual. This literature review will explore how telomere length is affected by lifestyle factors and ultimately how this has an effect on ageing. This literat ure review will specifically focus on the telomere length and aging process in humans. A subject gathering a lot of attention and understanding in recent years with the power to predict the longevity of an organism and opportunities to reduce the aging process. Structure and function of telomeres Telomeres cap the ends of chromosomes (Fig. 1) and protected the connected DNA sequences during cell division. Figure 1 a schematic of the end DNA replication problem and how base pairs are lost. Retrieved online at: http://senescence.info/telomeres_telomerase.html (viewed on 18/03/2017)       When the cell divides, DNA must be replicated. However, because DNA can only be replicated 5 to 3, the lagging strand is replicated through backwards stitching. While the leading strand is replicated continuously, the lagging strand requires RNA primers, which provide 3 hydroxyl groups to build from. Then once the primers are removed, a gap is left at the extreme end of the lagging strand template. To stop chromosomes shortening, the end of the DNA strand is a repeating sequence (a telomere) recognised by an enzyme telomerase, which fills in the missing nucleotides to complete the template and ensure no information is lost (Klapper et al. 1998). While telomerase activity is detected in cells with high proliferation potential, in somatic cells it is virtually undetected resulting in the overall shortening of telomeres with each cell division. In immortal or cancerous cells however, telomerase activity is reactivated providing the basis for unregulated and potentially infinite division s as telomere length is repaired after division (Dunham et al. 2000). Figure 2 human chromosomes (grey) capped with stained telomeres (white) retrieved online at: http://science.nasa.gov/media/medialibrary/2006/03/16/22mar_telomeres_resources/caps.gif (viewed on 11/03/2017) Effects of shortening It might be possible to predict a cells lifespan by measuring telomere length, an experiment using cultured human liver tissue reported results of 29-60 base pair loss per year (Takubo et al. 2000). Jiang et al. (2008) and Song et al. (2010) measured the levels of stathmin and EF-1a, which mark DNA damage and dysfunction and found that there is a steady increase with increasing age in humans. Resulting in the overall negative relationship with telomere length and age. Cawthon et al. (2003) found certain genetic disorders like dyskeratosis congenital, the progressive failure of bone marrow leading to early mortality can accelerate telomere shortening. Whilst normal cells loose telomere fragments with each cell division, sufferers of dyskeratosis congenital will experience premature deaths and early development of age related diseases. The same study also compared people of the same age group and lifestyle and found those with naturally shorter telomeres where likely to suffer from a wide range of diseases and had poor survival. Without being affected by life factors, telomere length changes between individual and can give an indication to the life span. Shorter telomeres can lead to genome instability and a higher risk of genetic disease. Gender, genetics and disease In humans there is a negative correlation between telomere length and age, Valdes et al. (2005) published a study that looked at one thousand women and concluded that the human telomere sequence is depleted by 27 base pairs a year by measuring the mean TRF (telomere restriction factor) length using a Southern blot method. Brouilette et al. (2003) found there was no significant difference in telomere shortening rates or length between males and females. Inherently, telomeres can be short and when shorter than average the individual becomes at risk of disease and a reduced lifespan (Farzaneh et al. 2008; Cawthon et al. 2003). Cardiovascular disease is commonly associated with short telomeres (Yang et al. 2009). Telomere length can also be affected by environmental factors (Steinert et al. 2004) not just genetic factors. Factors such as body mass, diet, smoking and exercise (Valdes et al. 2005; Cherkas et al. 2008) all cause a decrease in telomere length and eventual cell senescence (Stiewe and Pà ¼tzer 2001). Factors like smoking and poor diet will accelerate telomere shortening and lead to disease development. Coronary heart disease associated with short leukocyte telomeres (Brouilette   et al. 2003), increased risk of mitochondrial diseases (Zee et al. 2009), atherosclerotic diseases (Van der Harst et al. 2006), diabetes (Sampson et al. 2006) and increased risk in various cancers (Wu et al. 2003). In summary gender has no effect on telomere length but short telomeres are linked to a variety of cancers and disease. Cancer When telomere length becomes too short, the telomere can be subject to repair or recombination (Klapper, et al, 1998). De Lange (2005) published findings that repaired lesions are the probable cause of a cell turning cancerous. In conjunction with this Meeker (2006) stated that short dysfunctional chromosomes are involved in carcinogenesis. Using laser capture microdissection Shammas et al. (2008) looked at the function of telomeres and telomerase activity in adenocarcinoma (types of tumour) cells and found that when telomeres reach a critically short length telomerase activity increases. The same study also found when telomerase activity is suppressed the tumour cells did not proliferate; highlighting telomeres and telomerase involvement in cancerous cells. Poor diet and smoking Telomere shortening to a critical length can cause damage to the genome and potentially turn cancerous. Long term smoking is linked to carcinogenesis in cells (Valdes et al. 2005). Telomere length in circulating lymphocytes is show to be significantly shorter in long term smokers compared with the control none smokers. The exposure to tobacco has a negative effect on the telomere length and accelerates shortening (Morla, 2006). Using biomarkers accumulative DNA damage can be monitored. During ageing and or obesity there is a significant increase in biomarkers human blood. Smoking also caused there to be an increase in biomarkers (Song et al. 2010). When analysed telomeres shorten by roughly 27 base pairs a year but with introduction of smoking 20 cigarettes a day, around 31 base pairs are lost (Valdes et al. 2005); an overall detrimental effect on telomere length. In conjunction with this Epel et al. (2004) produced a study on oxidative stress linked to smoking and telomeres and resu lts showed cells under high oxidative stress had lower levels of telomerase activity and were more susceptible to telomere shortening, aiding the ageing process. Overall smoking has a negative effect and accelerates shortening of telomeres, which can lead to development of tumours or cell death (Meeker, 2006). Oxidative stress is linked with telomere shortening, which leads to DNA damage or premature cell death (Epel et al. 2004). Another factor that increases oxidative stress is poor diet and obesity. A study on obese mice (Furukawa, 2004) showed a positive correlation between fat accumulation and increase in oxidative stress. The study also introduced a NADPH oxidase inhibitor which caused a reduction in adipose tissue (fat/ loose connective tissue) highlighting that fat accumulation is directly linked to oxidative stress. The study concluded with the introduction of the NADPH oxidase inhibitor, caused the conditions of the mice to improve. The reduction in oxidative stress also reduces the telomere shortening (Valdes et al. 2005) and reducing damage to the genome. In summary an increase in oxidative stress has a negative impact on telomere length and ageing. Stress and environment Lifestyle choices impact telomeres length and so does environment an individual lives or works in. A study was conducted to look at the airborne pollutants like toluene and benzene within a city that humans are exposed to on a daily bases (Hoxha et al. 2009). 77 traffic officers and 57 office workers had blood samples taken that where later analysed using real time PCR. Hoxha et al. (2009) analysed the leukocyte telomere length and found a significant difference. Traffic officers who are exposed to traffic pollutants had shorter telomere length compared to office workers. Exposure to pollutants increases telomere shorting and risk from disease and ageing. In conjunction to this Pavanello et al. (2010) studied the leukocyte telomere length in 48 coke over workers compared to 44 controls. All none smokers and all in the same age group the coke oven workers are exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on a daily basis. Pavaello et al. (2010) concluded that coke oven workers exhibited a significantly shorter leukocyte telomere length and higher genome instability linked with disease and ageing (Farzaneh et al. 2008; Cawthon et al. 2003). When an individual becomes stressed, the adrenal steroid glucocorticoid is released. Glucocorticoid has the potential the increase oxidative stress as it is known to inhibit the activity of glutathione peroxidase (an antioxidant enzyme) (Patel et al. 2002). In rats corticosterone (adrenal steroids in rats) caused a decrease in NADPH which is an oxidase inhibitor, (Furukawa, 2004) leading to an increase in oxidative stress and telomere shortening. Stress is associated with oxidative pressure, which is linked to shorter telomeres and poor health. Epel et al. (2004) took a group of women who perceived to have a lot of stress in their life and compared them to a control group who had little stress in their life. The participants consisted of 58 mothers, 19 whom had healthy children and 39 who had chronically ill children. The women with chronically ill children where perceived to have a higher level of stress in their life. The study on shortening in response to stress concluded that women who have a high amount of perceived stress in their life had shorter telomeres equivalent to that of a decade of ageing compared to their control counterparts (Epel et al. 2004). Stress negatively affects telomere length and can lead to poor health and development of disease. Antioxidants Two groups of women and their dietary intake where monitored over the course of five years. The study looked at diets containing high amount antioxidants, mainly vitamin C and E rich foods (fish, fruit and vegetables) against diets which did not (Farzaneh-Far et al. 2008). By measuring telomere length, using quantitative PCR and monitoring the levels of fatty acids in blood, Farzaneh-Far et al. (2008) concluded that an increase in antioxidants correlated with a reduction in shortening of telomeres and the women participants with regular antioxidant intake generally had longer telomeres in comparison to the other dietary group. In a similar study involving 1,067 cases and 1,100 controls, the dietary intake of antioxidants is recorded to study its involvement with the development of breast cancer in women (Shen et al. 2009). In correlation to Farzaneh-Far et al. (2008), Shen et al. (2009) found the same link of a reduction in telomere shortening with increase in antioxidants in the die t. The same paper revealed women with poor diet and low antioxidant intake were far more at risk of developing breast cancer. Antioxidant reduce oxidative damage and telomere shortening. Oxidative stress and nutrition restriction Oxidative damage increases telomere shortening and telomeres are linked to cell senescence. Oxidative damage is therefore linked to the longevity of an organism (Jennings et al. 2000). Dietary restrictions have been placed on organisms such as rats to test whether a decrease in nutrition will decrease oxidative damage. Jennings et al. (2000) found that when nutrition is decreased so that optimal growth cannot be sustained there is an increase in longevity and this is true for a large range or organisms. In an earlier study, Jennings et al. (1999) made the link between early growth and shortened kidney telomeres in rats in later life. The rats with diet restrictions had a reduced maternal growth followed by a postnatal growth catch up but had longer kidney and liver telomeres, which are associated with increased longevity of up to 15% (Jennings et al. 1999). To summarise telomere shortening is accelerated by oxidative stress which in turn can be reduced by nutrition restrictions which will increase longevity. Exercise Oxidative stress from poor diet and general perceived stress can cause an acceleration in telomere shortening (Epel et al. 2004; Farzaneh-Far et al. 2009). Exercise can reduce the effects of stress shortening. Two groups of mice where placed into containers. A group given the option to exercise on a running wheel and the other group given no option to exercise. All running done was voluntary. At the end of the experiment, the mice given the option to exercise showed an increase in telomere stabilisation proteins and a suppression of cell apoptosis regulators (Werner et al. 2009). When tested on humans similar results occurred. When track and field athletes are compared to untrained individuals the data obtained showed an increase in expression of telomere stabilisation proteins in athletes and reduced leukocyte telomere shortening (Werner et al. 2009). Regular exercise will supress the effects of stress and reduce the effects of ageing by preservation of telomeres.    Conclusion Telomeres naturally shorten with time and are reflected in the aging of a human. A cell can only divide so many times before the genome becomes damaged (Klapper, et al, 1998), in this instance the cell must begin cell senescence or apoptosis. Many lifestyle factors like obesity, smoking, poor diet, genetic inheritance, pollution, and stress can accelerate telomere shortening and ageing causing premature death or disease. Other factors work the opposite way, consumption of antioxidants can reduces oxidative stress and slow down telomere shortening (Farzaneh-Far et al. 2008). Regular exercise can increase expression of telomere stabilising proteins (Werner et al. 2009). Restricting nutrition to limit optimal growth will increase the longevity of an organism (Jennings et al. 2000). Telomere length analysation using quantitative PCR can be used to predict the lifespan of an organism and help stop the onset of premature age related diseases.

The Role Of Citizen Political Participation In Hong Kong And Singapore :: essays research papers

The Role of Citizen Political Participation in Hong Kong and Singapore Both Hong Kong and Singapore are city states that traditionally have lacked broad political participation, instead political decisions were left up to a small group of leaders. Historical factors were critical in determining the role of political participation in both city states. Hong Kong's history of colonial rule and the strength of the People's Action Party (PAP) in Singapore acted to keep broad citizen participation in government to a minimum. Hong Kong after World War Two remained a colony of England and it's government remained under colonial rule. Unlike in other Asian nations such as Singapore their existed no major anti-colonial movement and the Colonial government was insulated from political pressure because many residents and immigrants from China appreciated the commercial opportunities that Hong Kong had to offer and were afraid that if England gave up control of Hong Kong the small state would be over run by the newly established and expansionist communist China to the north. During the years immediately after 1949 China was expanding, taking over Tibet and Mongolia; Hong Kong's feeling of insecurity was very real. The Colonial government did in subsequent years establish Hong Kong's Legislative Council and Executive council, and the Colonial government appointed prominent and respected local Chinese citizens to serve on these bodies. These councils although far from democratic did ensure that the Chinese citizenry would at least have representatives to express their pleasure or displeasure with the colonial administration. But these representatives lacked any real power and served only at the pleasure of the Colonial administration. The government of Hong Kong was administered and run by the English Foreign service officers that flocked to Hong Kong, the last vestige of English Empire. In Hong Kong it really was the English that ruled not the Chinese public. In Singapore following the end of World War Two a single political party came into power in Singapore, the People's Action Party which was a strongly anti-colonial left wing party was a made up of communists and more moderate socialists. After independence Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew and his allies were able to steer the party away from communism and toward a more moderate stance. The People's Action Party tolerated dissent and other political parties because Lee Kuan Yew felt he had a solid political base. The PAP so dominated politics that no other political party emerged in Singapore as a strong force. In the democratically held elections in Singapore the PAP always won by large majorities. The greatest blow came to the PAP in 1984 when the opposition won The Role Of Citizen Political Participation In Hong Kong And Singapore :: essays research papers The Role of Citizen Political Participation in Hong Kong and Singapore Both Hong Kong and Singapore are city states that traditionally have lacked broad political participation, instead political decisions were left up to a small group of leaders. Historical factors were critical in determining the role of political participation in both city states. Hong Kong's history of colonial rule and the strength of the People's Action Party (PAP) in Singapore acted to keep broad citizen participation in government to a minimum. Hong Kong after World War Two remained a colony of England and it's government remained under colonial rule. Unlike in other Asian nations such as Singapore their existed no major anti-colonial movement and the Colonial government was insulated from political pressure because many residents and immigrants from China appreciated the commercial opportunities that Hong Kong had to offer and were afraid that if England gave up control of Hong Kong the small state would be over run by the newly established and expansionist communist China to the north. During the years immediately after 1949 China was expanding, taking over Tibet and Mongolia; Hong Kong's feeling of insecurity was very real. The Colonial government did in subsequent years establish Hong Kong's Legislative Council and Executive council, and the Colonial government appointed prominent and respected local Chinese citizens to serve on these bodies. These councils although far from democratic did ensure that the Chinese citizenry would at least have representatives to express their pleasure or displeasure with the colonial administration. But these representatives lacked any real power and served only at the pleasure of the Colonial administration. The government of Hong Kong was administered and run by the English Foreign service officers that flocked to Hong Kong, the last vestige of English Empire. In Hong Kong it really was the English that ruled not the Chinese public. In Singapore following the end of World War Two a single political party came into power in Singapore, the People's Action Party which was a strongly anti-colonial left wing party was a made up of communists and more moderate socialists. After independence Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew and his allies were able to steer the party away from communism and toward a more moderate stance. The People's Action Party tolerated dissent and other political parties because Lee Kuan Yew felt he had a solid political base. The PAP so dominated politics that no other political party emerged in Singapore as a strong force. In the democratically held elections in Singapore the PAP always won by large majorities. The greatest blow came to the PAP in 1984 when the opposition won

The Azande

There are several institutions at play in modern day American culture function inning similarly to the witchcraft among the Cezanne people. For instance, within my culture, the Government dictates who punished when confronted with a crime. While The Cezanne place e the blame on witchcraft.Both use justice in a sense to place blame for an unfortunate happy inning, whether it be decided by an oracle, or common law. Whether it be a judge or an oracle, a sentencing verdict is decided in both cult rues. The ways of American law may be seen as more civilized, and the Cezanne may seem tab 00. The methods of the poison oracles, which included the envenoming of animals to observe t heir deaths and make assessments, is vaguely similar to the tests done on rodents, and other animals in research labs.Both of which can and have been labeled unorthodox in the past. Its SAA d in The Cezanne culture that witches may have caused harm unintentionally, and that sorcerer s do so intentionally. Also, rel ated in our society is the psychopath. Some believe that you are both with an instinct to kill without selector, while others believe that you are strictly Think about the ways in which members of your society are compelled to bee eave in socially acceptable ways. How do these differ from one another?Members of today's society are expected to behave in socially acceptable way due to fear of retribution. For example, due to the impending threat of prison, or other capital punishment, a crime would usually not be committed. These means of socially behaviors differ from each other greatly. To contrast American Culture who mainly have regular criminals with faulty intentions, The Cezanne only have sorcerers with a vendetta against the victim. The Cezanne can only speculate whom they argued with has hexed them.They also have ways to reprimand, although their old unethical forms of punishment, such as tying individuals to ant hills have been done away with. Both measures were used as a ba sis of r social control. Is there a â€Å"logic† to The Cezanne belief in witchcraft and the casualty of misfire nun? Within The Cezanne culture, there is a logic behind their belief in witchcraft an d the casualty of misfortune. While reading a section from Culture Sketches by Holly Peters Golden, the quote from an Cezanne man put many aspects of The Azans De thought process into perspective.After a man had hanged himself, due to an altercate on with his brothers the man stated only crazy people commit suicide; if everyone who was angry with their brothers committed suicide there would soon be no people left in t he world; if the man had not been bewitched he would not have done what he did do (19 37;. 71 v Personally, this quote opened my eyes to the ways that someone raised in HTH complex civilization would make sense of a tragedy. It is very en lightening to s e the says brains execute different ideas based on your upbringing in different par TTS of the world.Do you emplo y logic that is similar or different when explaining negative even Are there several different â€Å"systems of logic† that may be invoked, depending on the circumstances? Tend to enjoy logic that is differs from my own, when negative events are bee Eng explained. In other words to seeing an event occur from another's viewpoint I n their own words. Hearing logic that is not the same as your own on sensitive topics with out prejudice, and seeking knowledge where you may be ignorant allows a differed t system of logic.Depending on the circumstances, there are several different logical systems t hat may be invoked. When those involved are from different backgrounds, with u unlike views, and beliefs to base their opinions upon. Most logical people would never take witchcraft into question, perhaps they would say that it was an accident. But being raise Diana community where sorcery is common practice, you would not think any differ entry. What you are taught from a young age in y our community resonates into the ways t hat the person you will becomes handles misfortune.

The Thirty Tyrants After the Peloponnesian War

The Thirty Tyrants After the Peloponnesian War Athens is the birthplace of democracy, a process that went through various stages and setbacks until it reached its signature form under Pericles (462-431 B.C.). Pericles was the famous leader of the Athenians at the start of the Peloponnesian War (431-404)... and the great plague at the start of it that killed Pericles. At the end of that war, when Athens surrendered, democracy was replaced by the oligarchic rule of the Thirty Tyrants (hoi triakonta) (404-403), but radical democracy returned. This was a terrible period for Athens and part of Greeces downward slide that led to its takeover by Philip of Macedon and his son Alexander. Spartan Hegemony From 404-403 B.C., at the start of a longer period known as the Spartan Hegemony, which lasted from 404-371 B.C., hundreds of Athenians were killed, thousands exiled, and the number of the citizens was severely reduced until Athens Thirty Tyrants were overthrown by an exiled Athenian general, Thrasybulus. Athens' Surrender After the Peloponnesian War Athens strength had once been her navy. To protect themselves from attack by Sparta, the people of Athens had built the Long Walls. Sparta couldnt risk letting Athens become strong again, so it demanded stringent concessions at the end of the Peloponnesian War. According to the terms of Athens surrender to Lysander, the Long Walls and fortifications of the Piraeus were destroyed, the Athenian fleet was lost, exiles were recalled, and Sparta assumed command of Athens. Oligarchy Replaces Democracy Sparta imprisoned the chief leaders of Athens democracy and nominated a body of thirty local men (the Thirty Tyrants) to rule Athens and frame a new, oligarchic constitution. It is a mistake to think all Athenians were unhappy. Many in Athens favored oligarchy over democracy. Later, the pro-democratic faction did restore democracy, but only through force. Reign of Terror The Thirty Tyrants, under the leadership of Critias, appointed a Council of 500 to serve the judicial functions formerly belonging to all the citizens. (In democratic Athens, juries might be composed of hundreds or thousands of citizens without a presiding judge.) They appointed ​a police force and a group of 10 to guard the Piraeus. They granted only 3000 citizens a right to trial and to bear arms. All other Athenian citizens could be condemned without a  trial by the Thirty Tyrants. This effectively deprived the Athenians of their citizenship. The Thirty Tyrants executed criminals and leading Democrats, as well as others ​who were considered unfriendly to the new oligarchic regime. Those in power condemned their fellow Athenians for the sake of greed to confiscate their property. Leading citizens drank state-sentenced poison hemlock. The period of the Thirty Tyrants was a reign of terror. Socrates Apposes Athens Many consider Socrates the wisest of the Greeks, and he fought on the side of Athens against Sparta during the Peloponnesian War, so his possible involvement with the Spartan-backed Thirty Tyrants is surprising. Unfortunately, the sage didnt write, so historians have speculated about his missing biographical details. Socrates got into trouble at the time of the Thirty Tyrants  but was not punished until later. He had taught some of the tyrants. They may have counted on his support, but he refused to participate in the capture of Leon of Salamis, whom the thirty wished to execute. The End of the Thirty Tyrants Meanwhile, other Greek cities, dissatisfied with the Spartans, were offering their support to the men exiled by the Thirty Tyrants. The exiled Athenian general Thrasybulus seized the Athenian fort at Phyle, with the help of the Thebans, and then took the Piraeus, in the spring of 403. Critias was killed. The Thirty Tyrants became fearful and sent to Sparta for help, but the Spartan king rejected Lysanders bid to support the Athenian oligarchs, and so the 3000 citizens were able to depose the terrible thirty. After the Thirty Tyrants were deposed, democracy was restored to Athens. Sources The Thirty at Athens in the Summer of 404, by Rex Stem. Phoenix, Vol. 57, No. 1/2 (Spring-Summer, 2003), pp. 18-34.Socrates on Obedience and Justice, by Curtis Johnson. The Western Political Quarterly, Vol. 43, No. 4 (Dec. 1990), pp. 719-740.Socrates as Political Partisan, by Neal Wood. Canadian Journal of Political Science, Vol. 7, No. 1 (Mar. 1974), pp. 3-31.

Why a Multi-Party System in Pakistan Essays

Why a Multi-Party System in Pakistan Essays Why a Multi-Party System in Pakistan Paper Why a Multi-Party System in Pakistan Paper Political parties are the flesh and blood of political system. The strengths and weaknesses, successes and failures, pros and cons of a political structure are highly associated with the Political Party System. Giovanni Sartori suggested a method to classify the political party systems on the basis of number of effective political parties. In this way three main political party systems are defined; Uni-party system, Bi-party system and Multi-party system. Each system has its own distinct characteristics and advantages along with disadvantages. In Uni-party system a single dominating party is protected by the constitution to govern. In Bi-party system two major parties contest elections and make governments alternately and freely without the help of other. Multi-party system as Sartori defines is one where no party can guarantee an absolute majority. Governments are coalition based. Around 7 to 10 parties compete with each other and represent different interest groups. But in some countries the number may vary from tens to hundreds. In Pakistan 250 political parties are registered with Election Commission of Pakistan. Why such a big number of Political parties in a country of just 20 crore people? Why this extent of Multipartism in Pakistan? Is this the sign of healthy democracy? Why do we not have Uni-party or Bi-party system? Why Multi-party system in Pakistan? The answer to all these questions is same and its roots lie in the history of our social, political and cultural transformation. Social and Political systems are highly correlated to each other. Around the globe, diversity in social systems accounts for diverse political systems. Party system being primary ingredient of political system is deeply rooted in the cultural and social fabric of nations. People having unified cultural identity tend to possess similar ideas. Take the case of China, people have unified Confucius belief and their culture sprouts from his teachings. Social system of Chinese people revolves around Confucius principles. They do not possess diverse social systems internally. This unification of social code has helped them to adopt a single political view represented by the Communist party. Countries like Cuba and North Korea have similar political system. These countries are known to be under Totalitarian rule. People are not enthusiastic for democracy. Class difference has been eliminated to some extent under communism and hence people are not driven by class interests. As Marx was of the view that political struggle is mainly driven by economic motives. Uni-party system discourages free economic activities to minimize the class struggle and thus political interests are held to a certain extent that do not come eye to eye with the interests of single dominating party. If we compare the social and political evolution of Pakistan to the above stated characteristics of a society with unified political structure under the umbrella of a Single party, we find many dissimilarities leading to a difference in political thoughts between the two societies. Pakistan is a society with diverse cultures. Here diversity of cultures has given birth to variety of political interests. Each interest group has adopted a distinguished identity in the form of a political party. Here people vote for the interests of baradris, tribes, clans, sects, businesses and personalities. Pakistani society is still in evolutionary process, nascent as its age is just 66 years. People are yet to clothe themselves into a nation. The colliding interests of different ethnic groups do not let them trust each other. They find it suitable to safeguard their interests on their own. Each province has a different composition of political set up. MQM and PPP in Sindh, ANP in Khyber Pakhtunkha, PML-N in Punjab, Nationalists and few affluent people in Baluchistan are prominent on political scene. Whilst in centre PPP and PML-N are two political power hubs. Coalition governments in centre as well as provinces are fundamental feature of political system of country. On the other hand if we compare our socio-political set up with those countries having Bi-party system, we find some similarities along with dissimilarities. Similarities include 1) both are pro democracy 2) both guarantee practice of freedom of speech 3) both are flexible and allow adjustments according to needs of time. Bi-party system is present in its obvious form in United States. In US politically oriented people consider their only realistic way to capture political power is to be either a Republican or Democrat. Historians are of the view that Bi-party system evolved in US due to the tug of power between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. In other words it evolved out of two different opinion holder groups. Number of different opinion groups is in reality the number of political parties in the country. US has two large opinion groups other being very small are insignificant. In Pakistan the number of influential opinion groups is very large and so is the number of political parties. Another dominant factor in determining the type of party system is the Electoral procedure. Political experts say that in an Electoral process where Winner-Takes-All principle is in action, only Bi-party system would develop. Winner-Takes-All means only the majority vote-taker will be given all power as practiced in US. Whereas Party-Proportional-Representation gives all the parties an opportunity to get seats in legislature in accordance with the proportion of votes obtained. In Pakistan even smaller political parties are able to secure at least one seat in legislature to ensure their existence. Another difference lies in the economic condition of people in both the countries. People with prosper economies are less hostile and divided. People in Pakistan are divided in elite, upper, middle, low and lower classes. People in villages and urban areas are distant from each other not only physically but ideologically as well. Unification of thought and idea in Pakistan is not as strong as in US. Gary Cox described the reasons for Bi-party system in US beautifully in these words: The bounty of the American economy, the fluidity of American society, the remarkable unity of the American people, and, most important, the success of American experiment have all mitigated against the emergence of large dissenting groups that would seek satisfaction of their special needs through the formation of political parties. As Cox described the presence of certain qualities prevented the Multi-party system to evolve in US, the absence of same has resulted in the development of Multi-party system in Pakistan. If we sum up the whole discussion following factors are found responsible for the development of Multi-party system in Pakistan: 1) Pakistani society is not unified in cultural and organizational aspects. 2) People are divided into distant groups and classes on the basis of economic disparities. 3) People are driven by class interests based on Bradris, clans, tribes, ethnicity, sects and favorite personalities. 4) Pakistani society is still nascent and is striving to achieve stability by establishing balance between opposing interests of different groups. 5) Parliamentary form of government that works on principle of Party-Proportional-representation, allows each party to survive. Some political scientists are of the view that Multi-party system is a result of chaos and conflicting ideas and hence it results in further chaos. On the other hand some regard it as More Democratic practice as it ensures the participation and representation of more interest groups and provides more choice. Whatever be the goods and bads of Multi-Party system, it is the only viable and pragmatic approach to the political needs of the people of Pakistan.

Why is Leadership an important but controversial area of Essay

Why is Leadership an important but controversial area of Organisational Behaviour - Essay Example The present research has identified that leadership for the purpose of this paper refers to the managerial process in which the manager of an organization guides, supports, motivates subordinates so the latter can fulfill their duties accordingly to the plan and goal of the organization. In short, it refers to the process of accomplishing organizational goals through others. The researcher states that organization behavior, on the other hand, is about studying the impact of individuals including leaders, groups, and structures on how people behave within organizations. Its roles include promoting organizational performance, organizational development and also the satisfaction and performance of people in the organization. This paper then asserts that leadership is important to promoting organizational effectiveness or organization performance because of the important functions that a leader would do to attain goals and objectives. It is the leader that defines that tasks and how to d o the same through other people in organizations. In doing the same, he would most probably need followers or group of individuals who would have to work with the said leader. It is clear that the leadership must be very if tasks need to be done by people, who would have to influenced, directed and motivated to action. Without a leader who calls the shots, it is hard to see a group moving towards a direction.

Business management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business management - Essay Example Business management It is argued that the supply chain standards are not fixed at a uniform level or universal conditions cannot be established. Several factors should be taken into consideration while implementing a supply chain implementation or improvement plan. Factors contributing to the effective development of supply chain management are many and varied, which include: - Design and Planning Services: The company offers Design and Planning Services in order to eke the customers in order to develop efficient and ever ready data availability, layered network which supports the customer in reaching new markets and improve performance. - Operations Services: " Managed Network Operations, IT Professional Services, Technical Information Products/Services, and a comprehensive Network Support Program, ensure comprehensive operational, troubleshooting, and maintenance support that keeps your network running smoothly and ensures high network availability. - Performance Services. GSM Network Optimisation Services provide multi-vendor optimisation of 2G and 2.5G networks based on unique modelling and data analysis tools, which utilise real measurement, report data from network users in the optimisation process. - Evolution Services. With Motorola knowledge, tools, and resources, you can conduct comprehensive planning scenarios, accurately model service mixes, and quickly create network simulations for GPRS or UMTS enhanced networks, while gracefully evolving your service offerings.†" (Motorola) In the globalise era when most of the business organisations are involved in different business activities it has become inevitable for the firms independently perform all the functions. Most of the companies do not operate their supply chain and rely on other firms to perform the multi-faceted tasks. The successful and efficient combination of the operations of these firms provides the company with the competitive edge in the market. (Cook, DeBree, and Feroleto, 2001). Lummus and Vokurka (1999) points out towards the need for the managers to understand the performance of all the stake holding firms in the supply chain. According to (Pohlen, 2003), this insight in the performance of each firm will enable the managers to develop measures in order to fulfil the demands of the customers. The main task of the supply chain management is to develop a strategy which can cater the need of the customers and is aligned with the company objectives (Pohlen, 2003). In this lieu it is important for the mangers to keep on measuring the performance

Marketing Plan for HIV drug Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Marketing Plan for HIV drug - Essay Example Promotional aspect of marketing mix is usually considered to be marketing communication. It is all about conveying a common message across different media channels so as to ensure that it reaches target audience. Marketing communication is a strategic approach adopted by a company in order to reach target audience. In this study a product would be outlined which is losing significance in modern world. HIV or AIDS is regarded as a global problem. In its early years it was an incurable disease but in present scenario it is a health problem which can be effectively addressed. The percentage of death rate is considerably falling due to introduction of various treatment and retroviral drugs. However the problem is linked with lack of awareness program about HIV drug. Young people often do not remember about these drugs or are not determined to consume HIV drugs. Through this study a marketing campaign will be designed that could influence target segment to purchase HIV drug and prevent su ch diseases from spreading. HIV is a global issue that has contributed towards death percentage rise. Modern treatments had been introduced by government and healthcare agencies to prevent this disease. There are new drugs being introduced which can eradicate this kind of disease from its roots. HIV drugs are being developed at a faster rate and it is inclined towards saving lives of HIV victims. There are few issues associated with marketing of HIV drug. Firstly it has been observed that individuals are less likely to accept their disease. This in turn restricts drug makers or health care agencies to efficiently reach out to target audience. Death rate due to HIV aids have been decreasing over the years and negligence has been main cause for this issue. On the other hand, individuals who agree to purchase this drug at times are not able to afford such high priced drugs. Affordability is a major area of concern for HIV victims. There are individuals affected by HIV

Compare and contrast Essay Example for Free

Compare and contrast Essay People are always looking forward to their vacation period. There are many options where to choose. I think that the three most common places people choose for taking a vacation are the beach, mountain, and an amusement park. All three places offer a variety of fun activities. The beach offers activities that the mountain or amusement park cannot offer and vice versa. All three places are totally different. The purpose of this essay is to contrast the climate, types of activities and locations of beaches, mountains, and amusement parks. First of all, the three aspects I’m going to discuss about the mountains are climate, types of activities and location. Climate is always important in order to enjoy vacations. If a person dislikes cold weather, he or she might have a hard time in the mountains. The cold climate in the mountains is the first barrier to enjoying them. As I said before, many people don’t enjoy cold temperatures. The climate and the temperature of these zones are what determine the types of activities they offer. Snowboarding, mountain climbing, mountain biking, hiking, and skiing are some of the activities people can enjoy when going to the mountains. There are many regions that have mountains where people can go and have a great vacation. Canada is a country located in North America and full of mountain vacation sites. Inside Canada there are many interesting places where people can go and have fun. Second of all, the three aspects I’m going to discuss about the beach are climate, types of activities and location. Warm climate is one of the most important features that the beach has. Sun and fun are two words that describe the beach. The temperature in those places is always hot. The sea and the warm climate determine the activities that are available at the beach. People can swim, play volleyball, play soccer, and ride water bikes. In most of the coastal sites, there are discos and restaurants where people can dance or party throughout the night. Mexico offers many amazing coastal sites to visit. Acapulco and Cancun are two of the most beautiful and famous beaches in the world. Last but not the least, the three aspects I’m going to discuss about amusement parks are climate, types of activities and location. The climate for an amusement park is almost always hot. If a person doesn’t want to go home with sun burns then the amusement park would not be the place for them. Finally, it doesn’t matter what place a person decides to choose. The fun is 100% guaranteed. People often choose one of these three options to spend their vacations. Depending on what the person likes is what he or she will choose. I like amusement parks better than the mountains or the beach, but sometimes it is better to take a risk and try different places to enjoy.

Cause and Effect of Anorexia Essay -- Health, Diseases

â€Å"I look like a normal, well-adjusted 15-year-old high school sophomore. I like talking to friends on the phone, riding my bike, watching TV, and spending time with my boyfriend. I make above average grades and like math and science classes the best. However, about a year ago, my weight dropped to 72 pounds. I lay in a hospital bed with unkempt hair, fragile limbs and a sunken face. I was seriously ill. The villainous disease was not cancer or AIDS. I had anorexia, a condition which afflicts many teens and young adults, especially young women.† Holly (Caringonline.org) Anorexia is a type of eating disorder who has an intense fear of gaining weight. They severely limit the amount of food they eat and can become dangerously thin (1). Anorexia affects both the mind and body and can even become deadly. Anorexia usually starts in the teen years and can go into adult hood. Untreated anorexia can lead to starvation and serious health problems, such as osteoporosis, kidney damage, and heart problems. Some people die from these problems (1). The cause of anorexia is not fully understood. It is thought to be from a mix of physical, emotional,, and social triggers (2). Extreme dieting changes how the brain and metabolism work, and it stresses the body. Genetics play a big part in anorexia. A combination of certain personality traits such as low self-confidence along with perfectionism and cultural and social pressures can play a big part in anorexia. For some teens, anorexia can be a way of coping with stressful events, such as moving, divorce, or t he death of a love one (2). People who have anorexia will often deny that anything is wrong. Almost half of people who have anorexia will eventually develop symptoms, binge-purge behav... ...at" on her legs and her stomach. She adamantly refused to see a doctor until she fainted while boarding the school bus. In the fall, she cut her forehead; her parents took her to the emergency room. Appalled by her emaciation, the physician said Anne suffered from anorexia nervosa and immediately admitted her to the hospital (library.thinkquest.org). Anorexia is a deadly disease if you don’t catch it early. Physically and psychologically anorexia will destroy your body and your mind. You get so consumed on limiting your calorie intake and ignoring your health by depriving your body from nutrients and malnutrition. Mentally by starving yourself you think you are in control but the disease ends up controlling you. Anorexia starts at a young age affecting teen but it can also affect adult hood. Anorexia does not only affect females but also affects males.

Madonna the Goldfinch

Henry Kutilek Grinvalds Humanities (A8) 10/31/12 Emotions From the Finch 100 years ago the first car was made. This created an entirely new form of transportation that was innovative to that generation. Similarly, the 100 year difference between the end of the Medieval Era and beginning of the Renaissance Era showed amazing changes in the form of art. The painting â€Å"Madonna the Goldfinch† by Raphael Sanzio was created in c. 1505-1506. This was the very beginning of the Renaissance Era, and the painting strived for perfection unlike any of the paintings created before it.Madonna the Goldfinch portrays a sense intrigued curiosity, but to those who analyze it will find a guiding informative response with a deep understanding of symbolic foreshadowing. This essay will discuss the visual, expressive, and associative responses experience from Raphael’s painting, The Madonna the Goldfinch. The responded will be ordered by when chronologically experienced. The primary respo nse I feel is visual. The first thing that catches my eye is the pale face of the woman (Mary) and her blue and red clothes. Her face is close to white, its large, and located at the top of the painting.She is looking down, and the expression on her face looks close to surprised, with a faint smirk on her lips. This makes me think she is curious, yet knowing of the situation at hand. Next I look at the two children on the left and right (John the Baptist, Jesus) below Mary. I immediately notice the clothed John and naked Jesus, and then the bird that John is holding. He is offering it to Jesus, and Jesus strokes the top of its head with assurance. He is also being held tightly between Mary’s knees, and she has an arm around John, which makes me feel like she is encouraging him.These three bodies make a near perfect triangle, which balances the painting to a tee. Also, the colors on their bodies contrast the green landscape in the background. I noticed this, and then saw that there is a city very far in the distance across a river (Florence, Italy). If I had been another foot away from the painting I wouldn’t have noticed this, and without the zoom in feature on the google art galleries I would not have known it was a city. Either side of the bodies show two different landscapes, and they are both of equal size.On the left side shows trees in the distance, along with a bridge. The most impressive showings of detail are found in the bird, John’s hair, and the city in the background. This had to be truly amazing for the people in this time period. Not only is this painting artistically impressive, it is expressively impressive. The first feeling I get when looking at this painting is security. Mary is holding Jesus tightly between her knees, and holding an arm around John. Along with this, John is gently holding on to a bird that he is offering to Jesus.Mary’s face looks similar to a teacher watching a student try something new they ju st learned, and her holding the book adds to this. All of this makes me feel guidance, and gives me a motherly feeling of love that can push me along with whatever troubles I have in my life. The aspect of motherly love is exactly how I relate to this picture. I associate this painting with a favorite picture in my house of my mother watching my two oldest brothers play when they were just a few years old. It struck me early on in the viewing of the picture how similar it is to my young family.My mom is watching over them while they are sitting down in the yard, and my oldest brother is offering my other brother a toy to play with. The similarities between Mary’s face and my moms is shocking. These similarities make me think about what is actually happening in the painting, and the story that is being told. This is called the intellectual response. One main theme I see is actually a Renaissance Concept, that that is Emulation of the Classics. Art made in Europe in the Medieva l Era was all mainly funded by the church, and in turn it was made to glorify god.It is obvious this painting is doing something similar, but just with a perfected brush stroke that had depth and balance. Also, the idea of Humanism comes into play. Mary is holding a book that she seems to have just been reading, and in the Renaissance Era people were just beginning to not be afraid to learn. Maybe Raphael was trying to portray that reading is an okay and safe thing to do by having someone as idealistic as Mary reading. I noticed how both Mary and John have halos above their head, but Jesus does not.I was very confused by this at first, and it made my question whether the bird had something to do with it. Upon researching I learned that this bird is a Goldfinch, a bird that eats primarily off of throned plants. The legend is that when Jesus was carrying his cross to become crucified he had a thorn painfully poking at his head, and a Goldfinch flew over to him and removed it from his head. The Goldfinch is often used as a symbol of resurrection, so there is no doubt in my mind that the bird is used as a symbol of John foretelling Jesus about his future. Madonna the Goldfinch† is a truly amazing piece of artwork, with incredible attention to detail. It made me think about how good Raphael is as an artist, but also what he meant to portray. In my eyes, it shows the guidance of a mother and the wonder of two children. It really made me interpret the painting in ways I never have before, like considering facial expressions and what they mean. If I had to rename this painting it would be â€Å"Wisdom of the Goldfinch†. This is because the bird is the focus of the painting and it is causing the emotions of all of the people in the painting, through which wisdom is being passed.